Chapter 3: Urinalysis Exam 1 Flashcards
Nephron
functional unit of the kidney
urinary bladder
hollow muscular organ that holds urine until it’s expelled
renal tubules
parts of nephron composed of proximal convoluted tubules, the nephron loop (loop of henle), and distal convoluted tubules
glomerulus
filtering unit of the kidney
renal threshold
blood levels of a substance are too high to allow any more to be reabsorbed, the substance is excreted in the urine
Flow of Urine/blood in urinary system
1-bloodstream 2-glomerulus 3-glomerular (bowmans capsule) 4-renal tubules 5-collecting ducts 6-renal pelvis 7-ureter 8-urinary bladder 9-urethra 10-urinary meatus
substances usually found in urine
sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate ion
substances not usually found in urine
glucose, blood, proteins, RBCs, hemoglobin, WBCs, bile
What are the names of the 3 mechanisms for urine formation?
-filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
what are the functions of the urinary system?
- removes unwanted waste substances
- stabilizes blood volume, acidity, and electrolytes
- regulates extra cellular fluids of the body and absorption of calcium ions by activating vitamin D
- secretes the hormones (erythropoietin and renin)
erythropoietin
controls rate of red blood cell formation
renin
regulates blood pressure
examine urine within how long of collection??
within 1 hour
why are UTI’s more common in females?
-they have a shorter urethra so bacteria has more of an opportunity to spread/travel to urinary system
what is the major consituent of urine?
water?
why can’t urine stand at room temperature for a long period of time?
bacteria starts multiplying
how much urine does the normal adult excrete per day?
1200 to 1500 ml of urine per day
bacteria in urine has what type of smell?
ammonia
definition of urinalysis
description and measurement of the substances found in urine
what is the most common type of test performed in the POL?
urinalysis
3 parts of routine urinalysis
1-physical
2-chemical
3-microscopic
3 reasons why a urinalysis could be ordered by a provider
1-screening
2-diagnosis
3-treatment
anuria
no flow of urine; complete absence of urine production
oliguria
decrease in flow and volume of urine
what number defines oliguria???
less than 500 ml of urine in 24 hours
polyuria
frequent urinary flow producing abnormally large amounts
what number defines polyuria??
more than 2000 mL in 24 hr
diuresis
increase in the volume of urine output from the kidney
3 renal tubules
- proximal convoluted tubules
- nephron loop=loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubules
urgency
immediate need to void
pyuria
white blood cells in the urine
glycosuria
sugars (especially glucose) in the urine
hematuria
intact red blood cells in the urine
urochrome
normal pigment (gives urine its characteristic shades of yellow color)
dysuria
painful urination
micturition
urinating/voiding
first morning specimen
- most concentrated
- greatest amount of dissolved substances
- volume of 25 mL
- probability of detecting abnormalities increases
preservatives
TOXIC
random urine specimen
at least 25 mL, any time of the day, most of the time collected in a medical office
descriptive words used for the normal color of urine
- straw (light yellow)
- yellow
- amber (dark yellow)
descriptive words for urine’s appearance
clear
hazy (slightly cloudy)
cloudy
turbid (very cloudy)
What are the abnormal colors of urine?
- yellow-brown
- orange-yellow
- green
- dark red
what does yellow-brown pee mean?
billirubin
what does orange-yellow pee mean?
urobillirubin
what does green pee mean?
Biliverdin (oxidation of bilirubin)
foam test is needed for this
what does dark red/red pee mean?
red blood cells
