Chapter 3 ; Troubles At Home and Abroad Flashcards
How were Mary and Elizabeth related?
cousins
How old was Mary when she became Queen?
6 days old
Who ruled on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots?
Regents
Who attacked Scotland when Mary was a child and why?
Edward and Henry
wanted marriage between Mary and Edward
How did Mary’s mother respond to attacks from England?
sent to France to be brought up there
Who was Mary’s first husband?
French Dauphin
Why did Mary have to return to Scotland?
no longer Queen
- husband died from ear infection
How old was Mary when she got married?
15 years old
What religion was Mary?
Catholic
When did the Scottish lords change religion of Scotland?
1560
How did Elizabeth support the Scottish lords?
sent troops and money
How did the Scottish lords change the religion of Sotland?
rebelled against Mary’s mother
How did the rebellion of the scottish lords end?
Treaty of Edinburgh
What did the Treaty of Edinburgh declare?
Mary would give up English throne
- displayed coat of arms
How did Mary struggle in 1561?
struggled to keep her divided country together
When did Mary marry Lord Darnley?
1565
When did Mary have her son James?
1566
What did Mary refuse to give Lord Darnley?
crown matrimonial
What does crown matrimonial mean?
being monarch after partner’s death
How did Lord Darnley respond to Mary refusing crown matrimonial?
began plotting
When was Lord Darnley blown up by Mary’s supporters?
1567
When did Elizabeth send sympathies to her ‘sweet sister’?
1567 following Darnley being blown up
How did Bothwell marry Mary?
kidnapped her
How did Bothwell anger the Scottish lords?
power hungry
kidnapped Mary
Where did the scottish lords’ army face Mary and Bothwell?
Carberry Hill
What happened to Mary and Bothwell facing their defeat at Carberry Hill?
Mary - held prisoner
Bothwell - disappeared
Where was Mary held prisoner?
Loch Leven Castle in 1568
What did the lords force Mary to do?
abdicate
- gave up throne to James
Where was Mary badly defeated following her escape from prison?
Langside
Where did Mary flee to following defeat at Langside?
Elizabeth and England
When did the Northern Earls rebel in England?
1569
What had the Northern rebellion aimed to do?
install MQS as Queen
topple Elizabeth
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth?
Catholic
legitimate
claim to throne
What options did Elizabeth have when treating Mary?
- provide army
- execute
- allow freedom
- hand over
- travel to France
- imprisoned
What were the positives of providing Mary with an army?
- no longer a bother
- indebted
- removes threat
What were the negatives of providing Mary with an army?
- help Catholic
- Scottish lords unhappy
- fail to regain throne
What were the benefits of let Mary travel to France?
- no longer a bother
What were the negatives of letting Mary travel to France?
- could gather army and fight for English throne
What were the benefits of keeping Mary imprisoned?
keeping control
What were the disadvantages of keeping Mary imprisoned?
- break out of prison
- rebellion
What were the benefits of handing Mary over to Scottish lords?
no longer Elizabeth’s responsibility
What were the disadvantages of handing Mary over to the Scottish lords?
Elizabeth to blame if Mary executed
What were the benefits of allowing Mary’s freedom of movement?
strengthens relationship
What were the disadvantages of allowing Mary’s freedom of movement?
gather army and fight for English throne
What were the benefits of executing Mary?
no longer a bother
What were the disadvantages of executing Mary?
inspires rebellion
killed anointed monarch
What backlash would Elizabeth receive if she executed Mary?
catholic/jesuit rebellion
elizabeth challenging God by killing and anointed monarch
How did Walsingham prevent the Babington plot?
intercepted letters from Mary to Babington
- double agent names Gifford in Chartley prison
What name was given to Walsignham?
spymaster
What letter did Mary write on 17th July 1586?
coded later consenting to assassination of Elizabeth
How did Elizabeth respond to the Babington plot?
Babington arrested
other conspirators hung drawn and quartered
What was Mary placed on trial for?
treason
Who insisted that Mary should be executed?
Parliament and Privy Council
When did Elizabeth sign the death warrant?
February 1587
Why was Elizabeth angered by the execution of Mary?
Privy Council had met behind her back
- sealed death warrant, against her wishes
- regicide - rebellion
Why did Elizabeth not wish for the death warrant to be sealed?
Spanish landings in Wales and Mary’s escape rumoured
How did Elizabeth punish the Privy Council?
Cecil banished
William Davison imprisoned in Tower of London
Which plots had Mary Queen of Scots been involved in?
Babington
Throckmorton
Ridolfi
Northern Rebellion
When was the Spanish Armada launched?
1588
What was the Spanish Armada?
huge fleet of Spanish ships
What caused conflict with Spain?
religion
rebellion in Netherlands
privateers
How did religion cause conflict between England and Spain?
religious settlement
rejection of marriage
saw as heretic
When did Phillip propose to Elizabeth?
1559
How did rebellion in the Netherlands cause conflict between England and Spain?
Spanish ruled
Protestant nation - disliked Catholic rule
civil war in 1566
Elizabeth supported Dutch
When did civil war break out in the Netherlands?
1566
Why did Elizabeth support Dutch Protestants?
English economy relied on cloth trade in Antwerp
How did Elizabeth support the Dutch Protestants?
allowed rebel ships to stay in English ports
disrupted Spanish supply lines to the Netherlands
When did Elizabeth begin sending funds to the rebels in the Netherlands?
1581
Which English privateers angered Spain?
Sir Francis Drake
Who did Elizabeth support that angered the Spanish?
French huguenots
Why did tension turn to war with Spain?
Walsingham and Dudley called for military action
What was the treaty between Spain and France called and when was it signed?
treaty of Joinville, 1584
How many troops did England send to the Netherlands under Dudley’s command?
7000 troops
What was the treaty between England and the Dutch rebels called and when was it signed?
Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585
What was the ‘final straw’ that caused the Armada to be sent?
execution of Catholic, Mary Queen of Scots in 1587
How many ships did Drake destroy in 1587 in Cadiz harbour?
30 ships destroyed
How did Drake delay the Armada?
captured 1 Spanish treasure ship in Azores
What did Drake do to offend Spanish?
Singeing of King’s Beard
How many ships did Philip prepare?
151 ships
How many guns did Philip prepare?
2500 guns
How many men did Philip prepare?
30,000 men
Who commanded the army of 30,000 men?
Duke of Parma
What was the plan for the Spanish Armada?
cross Channel
capture south coast ports
march to London
English catholics rebel
Who was going to lead the Armada?
Duke of Medina Sidonia
Why was the Duke of Medina Sidonia a poor choice?
no expereince at sea
Who was the English fleet led by?
Lord Howard - Lord High Admiral
assisted by Sir Francis Drake
Give examples of English commanders involved in the Armada
John Hawkins
Martin Frobisher
Sir Francis Drake
Lord Howard
Who had better access to resources?
Philip
How many men were in Elizabeth’s army?
20,000 men
Where were the main armies placed in England?
North
Kent
Essex
How many battleships were there in the English navy?
34 battleships
How did England increase their number of battleships?
trading companies and private individuals
- 200 battleships
Why did the Armada have to make a quick return for repairs?
went directly into storms
What formation did the Armada take?
defensive crescent formation
Why was the defensive crescent formation so effective?
slower unarmed galleons and store ships well protected in the middle
Where did Philip plan to pick up troops from?
Netherlands
How did the English spread the news that the Spanish Armada was coming?
Lizard Point in Cornwall
- beacons across South coast
How did the English respond to spotting the Armada?
followed them up the Channel
- Spain only lost 3 ships
Why was the Armada poorly planned?
Philip was relying on close communications between Medina Sidonia at sea with Parma in Netherlands
How were English ships better than Spanish ships?
John Hawkins
- lighter, faster, more manoeuvrable
What were the long range guns the English used?
culverins
How did culverins frustrate the Spanish?
English could attack from a distance
- impossible to employ naval tactics
What were Spain’s naval tactics?
get close
short range guns
grappling hooks
take over
Where did the Spanish anchor following sharp winds?
Calais
Who thought of the idea of fireships?
Drake
What were the fireships used by the English?
eight old ships filled with tar and oil then set alight
How did the Spanish react to the fireships?
cut anchor ropes
fled out to sea
How were the fireships a success?
wind scattered the panicking Spanish ships
broke crescent formation
What happened at the Battle of Gravelines?
1000 Spanish lives lost
5 ships lost
Spain defeated
How did England defeat Spain at the Battle of Gravelines?
firing repeated broadsides below water level at Spanish ships
Where was the Spanish Armada first spotted?
Lizard Point, Cornwall
Where had Medina Sidonia wanted to establish a temporary base?
Solent
- English prevented this
Where did the English push the Spanish towards?
Owers
- rocks and ledges in sea
How were the Spanish damaged on their way home?
gales and strong winds drove their ships into North and West coast of Ireland
- thought they had sailed further west - poor maps
How many ships made it back to Spain?
60 ships
How many Spaniards had been killed in the Armada?
20,000 men
Why did the Spanish Armada fail?
Spanish weakness
English strength
conditions
actions of privateers
How did Philip’s pride and arrogance lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
never met with senior commanders or took their advice
How did the crescent formation mean the Spanish Armada failed?
could not use guns
many collided
How did Medina Sidonia’s lack of experience lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
ignored advice to attack Plymouth Sound
- Strait of Dover
- English had prevailing wind to their advantage
How did the lack of long range guns mean the Spanish Armada failed?
could not fire at English
How did gathering guns from across Europe mean the Spanish Armada failed?
incorrect cannon balls
How did always loading the guns mean the Spanish Armada failed?
did not expect 2nd combat at Gravelines
Why was reloading the Spanish guns dangerous?
exposed to fire
What were the Spanish weaknesses that led to the failure of the Spanish Armada?
guns
Philip
Medina Sidonia
How did the ships’ conditions lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
kitchens were in deepest, unhealthiest part of ship
- disease, rats, fleas
How did stormy conditions lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
forced onto Irish coast
- could not make it home
Medina Sidonia sealed fleet in Lisbon
How many ships did Medina Sidonia lose when sealing his ships in Lisbon?
lost 14 ships
What were the conditions that meant the Spanish Armada failed?
storms
ships
What were the English strengths that meant the Spanish Armada failed?
beacons
ships
Elizabeth
How did Elizabeth’s appearance at Tilbury lead to the failure of the Spanish Armada?
boosted confidence in army
How did Portuguese exiles in London lead to the failure of the Spanish Armada?
knew about plans of invasion
How did Elizabeth know about plans of invasion?
Portuguese exiles in London
How did culverins lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
rapid firing
no obstruction for reloading
muzzles petruded
What actions of privateers meant the Spanish Armada failed?
John Hawkins - race built war ships
Francis Drake - singeing of King’s beard
How did the singeing of the King’s beard lead to the Spanish Armada failing?
Armada could not launch in 1587
- England had extra year to prepare
