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AQA History ELIZABETHAN > Chapter 3 ; Troubles At Home and Abroad > Flashcards

Chapter 3 ; Troubles At Home and Abroad Flashcards

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1
Q

How were Mary and Elizabeth related?

A

cousins

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2
Q

How old was Mary when she became Queen?

A

6 days old

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3
Q

Who ruled on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots?

A

Regents

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4
Q

Who attacked Scotland when Mary was a child and why?

A

Edward and Henry
wanted marriage between Mary and Edward

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5
Q

How did Mary’s mother respond to attacks from England?

A

sent to France to be brought up there

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6
Q

Who was Mary’s first husband?

A

French Dauphin

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7
Q

Why did Mary have to return to Scotland?

A

no longer Queen
- husband died from ear infection

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8
Q

How old was Mary when she got married?

A

15 years old

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9
Q

What religion was Mary?

A

Catholic

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10
Q

When did the Scottish lords change religion of Scotland?

A

1560

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11
Q

How did Elizabeth support the Scottish lords?

A

sent troops and money

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12
Q

How did the Scottish lords change the religion of Sotland?

A

rebelled against Mary’s mother

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13
Q

How did the rebellion of the scottish lords end?

A

Treaty of Edinburgh

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14
Q

What did the Treaty of Edinburgh declare?

A

Mary would give up English throne
- displayed coat of arms

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15
Q

How did Mary struggle in 1561?

A

struggled to keep her divided country together

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16
Q

When did Mary marry Lord Darnley?

A

1565

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17
Q

When did Mary have her son James?

A

1566

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18
Q

What did Mary refuse to give Lord Darnley?

A

crown matrimonial

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19
Q

What does crown matrimonial mean?

A

being monarch after partner’s death

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20
Q

How did Lord Darnley respond to Mary refusing crown matrimonial?

A

began plotting

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21
Q

When was Lord Darnley blown up by Mary’s supporters?

A

1567

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22
Q

When did Elizabeth send sympathies to her ‘sweet sister’?

A

1567 following Darnley being blown up

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23
Q

How did Bothwell marry Mary?

A

kidnapped her

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24
Q

How did Bothwell anger the Scottish lords?

A

power hungry
kidnapped Mary

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25
Q

Where did the scottish lords’ army face Mary and Bothwell?

A

Carberry Hill

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26
Q

What happened to Mary and Bothwell facing their defeat at Carberry Hill?

A

Mary - held prisoner
Bothwell - disappeared

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27
Q

Where was Mary held prisoner?

A

Loch Leven Castle in 1568

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28
Q

What did the lords force Mary to do?

A

abdicate
- gave up throne to James

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29
Q

Where was Mary badly defeated following her escape from prison?

A

Langside

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30
Q

Where did Mary flee to following defeat at Langside?

A

Elizabeth and England

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31
Q

When did the Northern Earls rebel in England?

A

1569

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32
Q

What had the Northern rebellion aimed to do?

A

install MQS as Queen
topple Elizabeth

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33
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth?

A

Catholic
legitimate
claim to throne

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34
Q

What options did Elizabeth have when treating Mary?

A
  • provide army
  • execute
  • allow freedom
  • hand over
  • travel to France
  • imprisoned
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35
Q

What were the positives of providing Mary with an army?

A
  • no longer a bother
  • indebted
  • removes threat
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36
Q

What were the negatives of providing Mary with an army?

A
  • help Catholic
  • Scottish lords unhappy
  • fail to regain throne
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37
Q

What were the benefits of let Mary travel to France?

A
  • no longer a bother
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38
Q

What were the negatives of letting Mary travel to France?

A
  • could gather army and fight for English throne
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39
Q

What were the benefits of keeping Mary imprisoned?

A

keeping control

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40
Q

What were the disadvantages of keeping Mary imprisoned?

A
  • break out of prison
  • rebellion
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41
Q

What were the benefits of handing Mary over to Scottish lords?

A

no longer Elizabeth’s responsibility

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42
Q

What were the disadvantages of handing Mary over to the Scottish lords?

A

Elizabeth to blame if Mary executed

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43
Q

What were the benefits of allowing Mary’s freedom of movement?

A

strengthens relationship

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44
Q

What were the disadvantages of allowing Mary’s freedom of movement?

A

gather army and fight for English throne

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45
Q

What were the benefits of executing Mary?

A

no longer a bother

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46
Q

What were the disadvantages of executing Mary?

A

inspires rebellion
killed anointed monarch

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47
Q

What backlash would Elizabeth receive if she executed Mary?

A

catholic/jesuit rebellion
elizabeth challenging God by killing and anointed monarch

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48
Q

How did Walsingham prevent the Babington plot?

A

intercepted letters from Mary to Babington
- double agent names Gifford in Chartley prison

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49
Q

What name was given to Walsignham?

A

spymaster

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50
Q

What letter did Mary write on 17th July 1586?

A

coded later consenting to assassination of Elizabeth

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51
Q

How did Elizabeth respond to the Babington plot?

A

Babington arrested
other conspirators hung drawn and quartered

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52
Q

What was Mary placed on trial for?

A

treason

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52
Q

Who insisted that Mary should be executed?

A

Parliament and Privy Council

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53
Q

When did Elizabeth sign the death warrant?

A

February 1587

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54
Q

Why was Elizabeth angered by the execution of Mary?

A

Privy Council had met behind her back
- sealed death warrant, against her wishes
- regicide - rebellion

55
Q

Why did Elizabeth not wish for the death warrant to be sealed?

A

Spanish landings in Wales and Mary’s escape rumoured

56
Q

How did Elizabeth punish the Privy Council?

A

Cecil banished
William Davison imprisoned in Tower of London

57
Q

Which plots had Mary Queen of Scots been involved in?

A

Babington
Throckmorton
Ridolfi
Northern Rebellion

58
Q

When was the Spanish Armada launched?

A

1588

59
Q

What was the Spanish Armada?

A

huge fleet of Spanish ships

60
Q

What caused conflict with Spain?

A

religion
rebellion in Netherlands
privateers

61
Q

How did religion cause conflict between England and Spain?

A

religious settlement
rejection of marriage
saw as heretic

62
Q

When did Phillip propose to Elizabeth?

A

1559

63
Q

How did rebellion in the Netherlands cause conflict between England and Spain?

A

Spanish ruled
Protestant nation - disliked Catholic rule
civil war in 1566
Elizabeth supported Dutch

64
Q

When did civil war break out in the Netherlands?

A

1566

65
Q

Why did Elizabeth support Dutch Protestants?

A

English economy relied on cloth trade in Antwerp

66
Q

How did Elizabeth support the Dutch Protestants?

A

allowed rebel ships to stay in English ports
disrupted Spanish supply lines to the Netherlands

67
Q

When did Elizabeth begin sending funds to the rebels in the Netherlands?

A

1581

68
Q

Which English privateers angered Spain?

A

Sir Francis Drake

69
Q

Who did Elizabeth support that angered the Spanish?

A

French huguenots

70
Q

Why did tension turn to war with Spain?

A

Walsingham and Dudley called for military action

71
Q

What was the treaty between Spain and France called and when was it signed?

A

treaty of Joinville, 1584

72
Q

How many troops did England send to the Netherlands under Dudley’s command?

A

7000 troops

73
Q

What was the treaty between England and the Dutch rebels called and when was it signed?

A

Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585

74
Q

What was the ‘final straw’ that caused the Armada to be sent?

A

execution of Catholic, Mary Queen of Scots in 1587

75
Q

How many ships did Drake destroy in 1587 in Cadiz harbour?

A

30 ships destroyed

76
Q

How did Drake delay the Armada?

A

captured 1 Spanish treasure ship in Azores

77
Q

What did Drake do to offend Spanish?

A

Singeing of King’s Beard

78
Q

How many ships did Philip prepare?

A

151 ships

79
Q

How many guns did Philip prepare?

A

2500 guns

80
Q

How many men did Philip prepare?

A

30,000 men

81
Q

Who commanded the army of 30,000 men?

A

Duke of Parma

82
Q

What was the plan for the Spanish Armada?

A

cross Channel
capture south coast ports
march to London
English catholics rebel

83
Q

Who was going to lead the Armada?

A

Duke of Medina Sidonia

84
Q

Why was the Duke of Medina Sidonia a poor choice?

A

no expereince at sea

85
Q

Who was the English fleet led by?

A

Lord Howard - Lord High Admiral
assisted by Sir Francis Drake

86
Q

Give examples of English commanders involved in the Armada

A

John Hawkins
Martin Frobisher
Sir Francis Drake
Lord Howard

87
Q

Who had better access to resources?

A

Philip

88
Q

How many men were in Elizabeth’s army?

A

20,000 men

89
Q

Where were the main armies placed in England?

A

North
Kent
Essex

90
Q

How many battleships were there in the English navy?

A

34 battleships

91
Q

How did England increase their number of battleships?

A

trading companies and private individuals
- 200 battleships

92
Q

Why did the Armada have to make a quick return for repairs?

A

went directly into storms

93
Q

What formation did the Armada take?

A

defensive crescent formation

94
Q

Why was the defensive crescent formation so effective?

A

slower unarmed galleons and store ships well protected in the middle

95
Q

Where did Philip plan to pick up troops from?

A

Netherlands

96
Q

How did the English spread the news that the Spanish Armada was coming?

A

Lizard Point in Cornwall
- beacons across South coast

97
Q

How did the English respond to spotting the Armada?

A

followed them up the Channel
- Spain only lost 3 ships

98
Q

Why was the Armada poorly planned?

A

Philip was relying on close communications between Medina Sidonia at sea with Parma in Netherlands

99
Q

How were English ships better than Spanish ships?

A

John Hawkins
- lighter, faster, more manoeuvrable

100
Q

What were the long range guns the English used?

A

culverins

101
Q

How did culverins frustrate the Spanish?

A

English could attack from a distance
- impossible to employ naval tactics

102
Q

What were Spain’s naval tactics?

A

get close
short range guns
grappling hooks
take over

103
Q

Where did the Spanish anchor following sharp winds?

A

Calais

104
Q

Who thought of the idea of fireships?

A

Drake

105
Q

What were the fireships used by the English?

A

eight old ships filled with tar and oil then set alight

106
Q

How did the Spanish react to the fireships?

A

cut anchor ropes
fled out to sea

107
Q

How were the fireships a success?

A

wind scattered the panicking Spanish ships
broke crescent formation

108
Q

What happened at the Battle of Gravelines?

A

1000 Spanish lives lost
5 ships lost
Spain defeated

109
Q

How did England defeat Spain at the Battle of Gravelines?

A

firing repeated broadsides below water level at Spanish ships

110
Q

Where was the Spanish Armada first spotted?

A

Lizard Point, Cornwall

111
Q

Where had Medina Sidonia wanted to establish a temporary base?

A

Solent
- English prevented this

112
Q

Where did the English push the Spanish towards?

A

Owers
- rocks and ledges in sea

113
Q

How were the Spanish damaged on their way home?

A

gales and strong winds drove their ships into North and West coast of Ireland
- thought they had sailed further west - poor maps

114
Q

How many ships made it back to Spain?

A

60 ships

115
Q

How many Spaniards had been killed in the Armada?

A

20,000 men

116
Q

Why did the Spanish Armada fail?

A

Spanish weakness
English strength
conditions
actions of privateers

117
Q

How did Philip’s pride and arrogance lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

never met with senior commanders or took their advice

118
Q

How did the crescent formation mean the Spanish Armada failed?

A

could not use guns
many collided

119
Q

How did Medina Sidonia’s lack of experience lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

ignored advice to attack Plymouth Sound
- Strait of Dover
- English had prevailing wind to their advantage

120
Q

How did the lack of long range guns mean the Spanish Armada failed?

A

could not fire at English

121
Q

How did gathering guns from across Europe mean the Spanish Armada failed?

A

incorrect cannon balls

122
Q

How did always loading the guns mean the Spanish Armada failed?

A

did not expect 2nd combat at Gravelines

123
Q

Why was reloading the Spanish guns dangerous?

A

exposed to fire

124
Q

What were the Spanish weaknesses that led to the failure of the Spanish Armada?

A

guns
Philip
Medina Sidonia

125
Q

How did the ships’ conditions lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

kitchens were in deepest, unhealthiest part of ship
- disease, rats, fleas

126
Q

How did stormy conditions lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

forced onto Irish coast
- could not make it home
Medina Sidonia sealed fleet in Lisbon

127
Q

How many ships did Medina Sidonia lose when sealing his ships in Lisbon?

A

lost 14 ships

128
Q

What were the conditions that meant the Spanish Armada failed?

A

storms
ships

129
Q

What were the English strengths that meant the Spanish Armada failed?

A

beacons
ships
Elizabeth

130
Q

How did Elizabeth’s appearance at Tilbury lead to the failure of the Spanish Armada?

A

boosted confidence in army

131
Q

How did Portuguese exiles in London lead to the failure of the Spanish Armada?

A

knew about plans of invasion

132
Q

How did Elizabeth know about plans of invasion?

A

Portuguese exiles in London

133
Q

How did culverins lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

rapid firing
no obstruction for reloading
muzzles petruded

134
Q

What actions of privateers meant the Spanish Armada failed?

A

John Hawkins - race built war ships
Francis Drake - singeing of King’s beard

135
Q

How did the singeing of the King’s beard lead to the Spanish Armada failing?

A

Armada could not launch in 1587
- England had extra year to prepare

AQA History ELIZABETHAN (4 decks)

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