Chapter 2 ; Life in Elizabethan Times Flashcards
Why was there an increase in poverty during the Elizabethan era?
inflation
harvest
enclosure
pop increase
sheep farming
How much of land was enclosed in the Elizabethan era?
2-3%
Why was enclosure blamed for poverty?
scapegoat for vagabonds issue
What did enclosure mean for peasants?
no more subsistence farming
What did enclosure mean for farming?
new techniques
easier to maintain
How did the decrease in subsistence farming affect the rural population?
rural population decreased
How much did the population increase by during the Elizabethan era?
35 % increase
Which city was the fastest growing city?
London
What was the population in London?
150,000 people
How much did the population increase by?
2.8 million to 4 million
How did a growing population lead to poverty?
urban population did not produce food so prices increased
How much of exports did sheep farming provide?
81% of exports
How did sheep farming benefit land owners?
less labour - reduced land costs
How did sheep farming affect peasants?
less jobs
less space for crops
How did sheep farming take up land?
sheep fields
crop for sheep
When was there a large flu outbreak?
1556
How many workers died during the 1556 flu outbreak?
200,000 workers
How did inflation affect workers?
wages did not increase with prices
How did failed harvests affect peasants?
no food
no income
Why were the less harvests?
more sheep farming
What did more sheep farming mean?
less harvests
Where did harvests happen?
only rural areas
What did harvests in rural areas mean for urban areas?
high prices
How much did the cost of grain increase by during the Elizabethan era?
increased six fold
Why was inflation increased by poor harvests?
food production slower than population growth
What were the types of poor?
vagabonds
deserving / impotent
underserving / idle
Who wrote the book Warning Against Vagabonds?
Thomas Harman
What book did Thomas Harman write?
Warning Against Vagabonds
Give examples of vagabonds mentioned in Thomas Harman’s book
bare top trickster
Tom O’ Bedlam
clapper dudgeon
counterfeit crank
What did the bare top trickster vagabond do?
removed clothing to trick men into following them
- beaten and robbed by accomplices
What did the Tom O’ Bedlam vagabond do?
pretended to be mad for sympathy / to rid of
How did Tom O’ Bedlam vagabonds act mad?
bark
chicken’s head in ear
follow people
What did the clapper dudgeon vagabond do?
cut himself
dirty bandage
for sympathy
What did the counterfeit crank vagabond do?
bite on soap
froth at mouth
for sympathy
How did members of the public feel about Houses of Correction?
humiliated
mortifying
What was introduced in York in 1528?
master beggar
When was a master beggar introduced in York?
1528
Which cities responded directly to rising poverty?
Norwich
Ipswich
York
When was the York Corporation formed?
1515
What did the York Corporation introduce?
wearing poor badge
What did Ipswich have to help the poor?
youth training scheme
House of Correction
hospital - old and sick
What happened in Ipswich in 1569?
licencing system introduced
increased support
How did Norwich city respond to poor?
taxed rich
identified poor
What skills did Norwich teach poor?
knitting
sewing
When were the poor law issued?
1563
1572
1576
When was the first poor law issued?
1563
What was the first poor law issued?
Statue of Artificers
What was the poor law of 1563?
Statue of Artificers
How much would officials be fined if failing to organise poor?
£ 20
What did the Statue of Artificers mean for officials?
if failed to organise poor - fined up to £20
What did the Statue of Artificers ensure happened?
ensure poor relief collected
What did the Statue of Artificers mean for those who refused to pay poor relief?
imprisonment
When was the second poor law issued?
1572
What did the poor law of 1572 aim to do?
deter vagrancy
shelter impotent
How did the poor law of 1572 deter vagabonds?
punishment
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the first time?
whipped
hole through ear
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the second time?
imprisoned
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the third time?
death
What did the poor law of 1572 mean for JPs?
their responsibility to manage poor
What was the third poor law to be issued?
Poor Relief Act
When was the third poor law issued?
1576
When was the Poor relief act issued?
1576
Which poor law was issued in 1576?
Poor Relief Act
What was the aim of the Poor Relief Act?
distinguish idle and impotent poor
What did the Poor Relief Act aim to do for idle poor?
find work
How were the idle poor who refused the work they were offered punished?
house of correction
How did the Poor Relief act aim to benefit the poor?
prevent vagarancy
What did the JPs provide to the idle poor after the Poor Relief Act?
wool and raw material
How did the Poor Relief Act aim to prevent vagrancy?
start business
not depend on local authority
Why did the Elizabethans explore?
spanish rivalry
spreading protestantism
increased experience
trade
knowledge
technology
opportunity
Why did Spanish rivalry encourage exploration?
growing wealth and power of Spain
Why was Spain growing wealth and power?
gold and silver mines in colonies
Where did Spain get gold and silver from?
Mexico
Peru
How did spreading Protestantism encourage exploration?
moral mission
spreading to heathens
How did the increased experience of sailors encourage exploration?
successful captains
willing crew
Give examples of successful captains
Drake
Hawkins
How did the expansion of trade encourage exploration?
explorers able to establish trade routes
Give examples of trade routes established by Elizabethan explorers
India
Russia
How did learning and knowledge encourage exploration?
Renaissance
- desire to explore unknown
How did new technology encourage exploration?
improved ability and skills
Give example of new technology in Elizabethan era
astrolabe
What did an astrolabe do?
determined latitude
Describe how an astrolabe determined latitude
measuring angle between horizon and North Star
How did economic opportunity encourage exploration?
rich invested into voyages for profit
How did Elizabethan explorers make profit for their investors?
attacked Spanish ships carrying gold and silver
When was Sir Walter Raleigh knighted?
1585
When did Sir Walter Raleigh get dismissed from court?
1592
Why was Raleigh dismissed from court?
married Lady in Waiting Throckmorton without permission in secret
When was Raleigh MP for Devonshire?
1585 to 1586
When was Raleigh MP for Dorset?
1597
When was Raleigh MP for Cornwall?
1601
What was Raleigh granted by the Queen?
granted royal charter
What did the royal charter mean for Raleigh?
explore new lands
Why was Raleigh granted the royal charter?
favourite of Queen
How did the royal charter help Raleigh?
played key role in discovering new world
What did Raleigh attempt to do?
create colony
Who was John Hawkins cousins with?
Frances Drake
Who was Frances Drake cousins with?
John Hawkins
What family did John Hawkins come from?
family of shipbuilders
What did Hawkins do to benefit England?
built up navy
How was Hawkins a successful privateer?
raided Spanish ports and ships
What did Hawkins do in 1562?
seized West African slaves from Portuguese
Why was Hawkins a respected military leader?
commander against Spanish Armada
john hawk….
…tuah
What did Frances Drake bring to England?
£200 million
When was Drake knighted?
1581
What did Drake do in 1572?
captured £40,000 worth of silver from Spanish ships
What name did Drake receive after 1572?
El Draque
What does El Draque mean?
the dragon
When was Drake knighted?
1580
When did Drake’s circumnavigation begin?
1577
How much treasure did Drake bring back from his circumnavigation?
£400,000
How much did Elizabeth receive as an investor in the circumnavigation?
£200,000
How much was the £200,000 compared to Elizabeth’s annual salary?
more than total salary for year
How much did Drake receive for his circumnavigation?
£10,000
Where was Drake knighted?
on Golden Hind
How much did Drake bring to England in total?
£200 million
Why was Drake the best explorer?
brought £200 million to England
Where did Elizabethans explore?
The West
China
The East
Empires
Which European countries dominated with their empires?
Spain and Portugal
What did Spain and Portugal develop as a result of their empires?
transatlantic slave trade
How did Spain get the empires?
defeating local people
Where did Spain have their colonies?
Central and South America
What products did Spain have access to as a result of their empires?
silver
gold
tobacco
tomatoes
potatoes
Where did Portugal have their colonies?
India
Brazil
West Africa
What did Portugal have access to as a result of their empires?
sugar plantations
cotton plantations
West African slave trade
When did Christopher Columbus discover the New World?
1492
Who found Newfoundland?
John Cabot
When did John Cabot find Newfoundland?
1497
Who funded John Cabot in 1497?
Henry II
What did Amergio Vespucci discover in 1498?
new continent
When did Amergio Vespucci discover South America?
1498
Who funded Amergio Vespucci’s discovery of South America?
King of Portugal
Who completed the first Circumnavigation?
Ferdinand Magellan
When did Ferdinand Magellan complete the first Circumnavigaiton?
1522
Where did the North West Passage aim to reach?
China
Why was the North West Passage impractical?
North Canada - icy
How many times did Martin Frobisher fail the North West Passage?
3 times
When did Martin Frobisher first attempt the North West Passage?
1576
When did Humphrey Gilbert fail the North West Passage?
1580s
When did John Davis fail the North West Passage?
1580s
How did James Lancaster reach the East?
used Cape of Good Hope
What inspired James Lancaster to use the Cape of Good Hope?
Portuguese explorers
When did James Lancaster reach India and the spice islands?
1590s
What was created after James Lancaster reached India and the spice islands?
East India Company
Which navigator sailed round the Cape of Good Hope?
Bartholomew Diaz
What did Bartholomew Diaz prove?
sail round Cape of Good Hope without falling off earth
When did Bartholomew Diaz sail round the Cape of Good Hope?
1487
When did Vasco de Gama reach India?
1498
How did Vasco de Gama reach India?
round Cape of Good Hope
What did the discovery of sailing round the Cape of Good Hope mean for Elizabethans?
did not need to pass through Ottoman Empire
How did avoiding the Ottoman Empire benefit Elizabethans?
avoided trade / merchant taxes
When was the first colonisation of Virginia?
1584
When was the second colonisation of Virginia?
1587
What happened to the first colonists of Virginia?
disappeared
What effect did the colonisation of Virginia have on Spain?
undermined Spain
What did the colonisation of Virginia provide English with?
base to attack Spanish colonies
What did the colonisation of Virginia provide the locals with?
alternative to Spanish domination
How did the colonisation of Virginia create economic opportunities?
encouraged trade links
How did the colonisation of Virginia encourage trade links?
removed dependence on European traders
What new products did the colonisation of Virginia provide England with?
tobacco
sugar
What did the colonisation of Virginia mean for England?
base of Empire
Why was Virginia named Virginia?
honour the virgin Queen
When was the Muscovy Company created?
1555
When was the Eastland Company formed?
1579
When was the Levant Company formed?
1581
When was the East India Company formed?
1600
Which trading company traded furs and timber with Russia?
Muscovy Comapny
What did the Muscovy Company trade with Russia?
furs and timber
Which country did the Muscovy Company trade with?
Russia
Which trading company traded timber, tar, canvas and rope with Scandinavia?
Eastland Company
What did the Eastland Company trade with Scandinavia?
timber, tar
canvas, rope
Which country did the Eastland Company trade with?
Scandinavia
Which country did the Levant Company trade with?
Mediterranean
Which company did the East India Company trade with?
Far East
What did the Levant Company trade with the Mediterranean?
currants and dyes
Which trading company traded currants and dyes with the Mediterranean?
Levant Company
What did the East India Company trade with the Far East?
silks, spices
cotton, tea
Which trading company traded silks, spices, cotton and tea with the Far East?
East India Company
Which religion believed in the Pope as the head of the Church?
Roman Catholicism
Which religion did not believe in the Pope as the head of the Church?
Protestantism
What did Catholics believe was necessary to find God?
cardinals, bishops, priests and archbishops
How did priests act in Catholicism?
intermediary between God and people
How did the Catholic Church help people?
communicate with God
What language were Catholic services given in?
Latin
Who could forgive sins in Catholicism?
the Church
God
What occurred in Catholicism when eating the bread and drinking the wine?
transubstantiation
What did Catholics believe about the bread and wine?
literal body and blood
What did priests have to wear in Catholicism?
vestments
What priests forbidden from doing in Catholicism?
marriage
How did Churches honour God in Catholicism?
highly decorated
Why were Catholic churches highly decorated?
honour God
How many sacraments are there according to Catholicism?
seven sacraments
What language were Protestant services given in?
own language
Who forgave in Protestantism?
only God
What did Protestants believe about the wine and bread?
purely representative
What did priests wear in Protestantism?
normal clothes
Were priests allowed to marry in Protestantism?
allowed if they wished
What were Protestant Churches like?
simple
Why were Protestant Churches simple?
not to distract from worship
How many sacraments did Protestants believe in?
2 sacraments
Which 2 sacraments did Protestants believe in?
baptism and marriage
Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
failed to produce male heir
Why was Henry VIII excommunicated?
Pope Clemenceau VII did not agree to divorce
Why did Pope Clemenceau excommunicate Henry VIII?
pressure from Charles V, Holy Roman Empire
How was Charles V, Holy Roman Empire related to Catherine of Aragon?
nephew and aunt
What caused the reformation of monastries?
money for wars
want for male heir
How did Henry VIII become Supreme Head of Church of England?
Act of Supremacy
What did the Act of Supremacy make Henry VIII?
Supreme Head of the Church of England
What religion was Elizabeth?
Protestant
What did Elizabeth dislike?
- candles
- images of saints
- bow during communion
What did Elizabeth understand?
enjoyment of celebrations and ceremonies
What did Elizabeth understand about Catholic countries?
powerful countries
Give examples of Catholic nations
French
Scotland
Spain
What did Elizabeth recognize?
potential rebellion
When was the Religious Settlement issued?
8th May 1559
What were the three sections to the Religious Settlement?
Act of Supremacy
Act of Uniformity
Royal Injuctions
How did the Act of Uniformity affect the appearance of the Church?
defined special clothing for priests
How did the Act of Uniformity affect the form of services?
everyone must attend Church on Sundays and Holy days
What punishment was there for not attending church on Sundays or holy days?
fined one shilling
What did the Act of Uniformity re-introduce?
Book of Common Prayer
How did the delivery of the Book of Common Prayer change due to the Act of Uniformity?
delivered in English
What did the Act of Uniformity ban?
Catholic mass banned
How did clergy have to speak as a result of the Act of Uniformity?
use wording as given in services
How did the unclearness of the wording by the clergy as a result of the Act of Uniformity benefit both religions?
Catholics - literally
Protestants - representative
What would clergy face if they did not use wording as given?
face punishment
What were the Royal Injunctions?
- follow act of supremacy and injunction
- worship God Elizabeth’s way
- religious services in English
What did the Royal Injunctions act as?
set of instructions issued on behalf of Elizabeth
Who issued the Royal Injunctions on behalf of Elizabeth?
William Cecil
Who were the Royal Injunctions issued to?
clergy
Who was William Cecil?
Secretary of State
What did the Royal Injunctions aim to do?
reinforce Acts
What did the Royal Injunctions discuss?
images
pilgrimages
What did the Royal Injunctions decide about images?
allowed
Why were images allowed by the Royal Injunctions?
keep familiar look
Why did Puritans dislike images?
Bible banned
- praying before idols sinful
What did the Royal Injunctions decide about pilgrimages?
accepted
How did Catholics feel towards pilgrimages?
important
How did Protestants feel towards pilgrimages?
superstition
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
Which rebellion happened in 1569?
Northern Rebellion
When was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
Which plot happened in 1571?
Ridolfi plot
When was the Throckmorton plot?
1583
Which plot happened in 1583?
Throckmorton plot
When was the Papal bull?
1570
Which plot happened in 1586?
Babington plot
When did the Babington plot happen?
1586
What events led to the Ridolfi plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
What events led to the Babington plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
What events led to the Throckmorton plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
What events led to the northern rebellion?
Mary Queen of Scots return to England
Who was involved in the Ridolfi plot?
Duke of Norfolk
Pope
Spanish Ambassador
Ridolfi
Mary Queen of Scots
Philip II
Who was involved in the Babington plot?
Anthony Babington
Who was involved in the Throckmorton plot?
Sir Francis Throckmorton
Duke of Guise
Who was involved in the northern rebellion?
Norfolk
Northumberland
Westmorland
Dudley
Throckmorton
What was the plan for the Ridfolfi plot?
Netherlands invade combined with Northern Rebellion
Elizabeth murdered
MQS replace
What were the outcomes of the Ridolfi plot?
Spanish ambassador exiled
law passed
Norfolk executed
Ridolfi escaped
Which law was passed following the Ridolfi plot?
person removed from line to throne if know about a plot/involved
What was the basic plan for the Babington plot?
assassinate Elizabeth
replace with MQS
What were the consequences of the Babington plot?
MQS trial and execution
What was the basic plan for the Throckmorton plot?
assassination
French invasion and Northern uprising
What were the consequences of the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton executed
MQS escaped
Bond of Association
What was the aim of the Bond of Association?
deter assassination attempts
What happened during the Northern rebellion?
illegal Catholic mass
marched South
Where did the northern earls hold illegal Catholic mass?
Cathedral of Durham
What were the consequences of the Northern rebellion?
Queen reorganized council of North
What happened to the earls involved in the Northern rebellion?
Westmorland escaped
Northumberland beheaded
Norfolk executed
What caused the Northern Rebellion?
Elizabeth refused marriage between MQS and Norfolk
Where did the Catholic threats come from?
jesuits
college at douai
europe
What was the college at Douai?
seminary
What was the aim of the college at Douai?
convert England - counter reformation
How did the college at Douai plan to convert England?
train priests as missionaries to spread faith
When did the missionaries from Douai first arrive?
1574
Who was in charge of the College at Douai?
Cardinal William Allen
Who recommended Cardinal William Allen?
Prince Philip II
What was Cardinal William Allen involved with?
Throckmorton plot
Spanish Armada
When did the Jesuits first arrive?
1580
What was the aim of the Jesuits?
counter reformation
How did Elizabeth respond to the jesuits?
1585 act against seminary priests and Jesuits
What effect did the 1585 act have on the jesuits?
driven out of England
executed
What was the punishment for people who sheltered jesuits?
arrested
How did France and Spain pose a Catholic threat?
supported challenges to Elizabeth’s rule
How did Spain support challenges to Elizabeth’s rule?
- College at Douai
- supported Jesuits
- financial support
- Spanish Armada
How did France support challenges to Elizabeth’s rule?
- supported Jesuits
- financial support
What did Edmund Campion aim to do?
counter reformation
What did Edmund Campion do?
walked to Rome alone - join Jesuits in 1573
How was Edmund Campion punished?
hung drawn quartered
put on rack
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1571?
introduced Recusancy fines
illegal rosary beads
What were the Recusancy fines introduced in 1571?
catholics who did not take part in protestant services fined
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1581?
increased Recusancy fines
high treason to convert to Catholicism
How did Recusancy fines change from 1571 to 1581?
increased to £20
strictly enforced
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1585?
new law
any priest ordained after 1559 considered a traitor
Which law was introduced in 1585 in response to catholic threats?
legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate Queen
How did Elizbeth respond to catholic threats in 1593?
statue of confinement
What was the statue of confinement?
restricted catholics to only moving within 5 miles of their home
Give examples of puritans who challenged the religious settlement
Edmund Grindal
John Stubbs
Robert Browne
How did Robert Browne pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
set up catholic congregation in Norwich
How was Robert Browne punished?
imprisoned
How did John Stubbs pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
wrote pamphlet criticising Elizabeth
How was John Stubbs punished?
hand cut off
How did Edmund Grindal pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
practiced prophesying
How was Edmund Grindal punished?
house arrest for last seven years of life
What did Archbishop of Canterbury do in 1566?
gave guidance on vestments in Book of Advertisements
How did the Archbishop of Canterbury deal with the puritan threat?
invited priests to exhibition
sacked those who did not attend (37/110)
How did Elizabeth deal with the puritan challenge surrounding crucifixes?
backed down as bishops threatened to resign
How did puritans disagree with Elizabeth about the religious settlement?
hoped for more reforms to follow
clergymen going against religious settlement
How did Elizabeth attempt to slow down the rate of enclosure?
Act on Husbandry and Tillage in 1598
When was the Act of the Relief of the Poor amended?
1601
What raw materials were the poor provided with?
hemp
wool
wood
iron
What is House of Industry?
workhouse
How was the 1601 poor law successful?
remained in use for 200 years
no rebellion caused
How was the 1601 poor law unsuccessful?
harsh punishments
poverty continued
What were the features of punishment in the 1601 poor law?
whipping ‘till his back be bloody’
House of Correction
galley warships
hanging
