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PSY 242 > Chapter 3: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

afferent vs efferent signals

A

sensory (incoming) pathways are afferent
motor (outgoing) pathways are efferent

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2
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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4
Q

how does the enteric nervous system send signals to the brain?

A

via the vagus nerve

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5
Q

what affects the enteric nervous system?

A

stress and anxiety

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6
Q

what are the components of the somatic nervous system?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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7
Q

what are the components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic division (arousing) and parasympathetic division (calming)

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8
Q

what connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum, which allows for communication between the hemispheres

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9
Q

what is dura mater?

A

a tough, paper-like outer covering of the brain

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10
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A

a space between the brain and dura mater and pia mater where cerebrospinal fluid flows

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11
Q

what is pia mater?

A

a clear covering that hugs the surface of the brain

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12
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

in the choroid plexus

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13
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid reabsorbed?

A

in the sinuses

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14
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

a condition marked by overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid without proper drainage/reabsorption

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15
Q

what is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord from bumping and jostling, removes waste

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16
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

a blockage of blood flow to part of the brain, resulting in a lack of nutrients and oxygen

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17
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

a ruptured vessel/artery that causes a bleed in the brain and produces an overactive immune response

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18
Q

medial

A

toward the brain’s midline

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19
Q

lateral

A

located toward the brain’s sides

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20
Q

dorsal

A

atop the brain

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21
Q

ventral

A

toward the bottom of the brain

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22
Q

histological technique for studying the brain

A

most precise way of examining the brain. the brain is sectioned and sliced postmortem and neuronal loss is examined

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23
Q

computerized tomography (CT scan)

A

an x-ray beam is passed through the brain at many different angles, creating many different images.
good for seeing a mass/tumour, lesion, etc

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24
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

can identify specific brain tissue

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25
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

detects the directional movement of water molecules to create images of nerve fibre pathways. can identify abnormalities in the pathway, such as an obstruction

26
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a real time measure that involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and shows which parts of the brain are more active (have more blood flow) during certain tasks

27
Q

functional magnetic imaging (fMRI)

A

changes in the oxygen content of the blood alter its magnetic properties. measures are taken while a task is being carried out

28
Q

near-infrared spectroscopy

A

uses light to track blood flow in the brain based on oxygen levels. limited to more shallow areas of the brain

29
Q

what makes up the hindbrain?

A

pons, reticular formation, medulla, cerebellum

30
Q

what are the functions of the pons?

A

serves as a bridge to the cerebellum and allows a person to cycle through the different stages of sleep

31
Q

what is the function of the reticular formation?

A

sleep/wake behaviour

32
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A

moderates heart rate and rhythm

33
Q

what can damage to the medulla result in?

A

a person may not be able to breathe on their own

34
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of motor movements

35
Q

what can damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

issues with speech, movement, etc

36
Q

what are the components of the midbrain?

A

superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

37
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

receives visual input

38
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

receives auditory input

39
Q

what structure does the superior and inferior colliculi make up? what is its purpose?

A

together they make up the tectum, which allows for audio-visual integration

40
Q

what structures make up the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

41
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

serves as a relay centre for incoming and outgoing signals in the brain

42
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

release of the hormones into the bloodstream

43
Q

what is the forebrain responsible for?

A

complex behaviour (problem solving, language, and thought)

44
Q

what are the brainstem and midbrain responsible for?

A

survival based behaviours (sleeping, waking, breathing)

45
Q

what are the divisions of the forebrain?

A

temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

46
Q

what is the purpose of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory processing
language and memory
taste and smell

47
Q

what is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

A

planning and organizing
motor and impulse control (executive function)

48
Q

what is the purpose of the parietal lobe?

A

touch
spacial awareness

49
Q

what are symptoms of parietal lobe damage?

A

don’t know how to position the body
can’t draw shapes

50
Q

what is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing

51
Q

what are the symptoms of occipital lobe damage?

A

flashes of light, vision loss, etc

52
Q

what are the functions of dendrites?

A

receives signals from other neurons
creates an electrical charge

53
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

conducts electrical signals more quickly

54
Q

what is located in the axon terminals?

A

chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters

55
Q

what is the purpose of the axon?

A

transmits electrical signals

56
Q

what is the purpose of sensory neurons?

A

converts environmental energy into a neural signal

57
Q

what are the characteristics of motor neurons?

A

largest neurons with the longest axons
very well myelinated
contained in the spinal cord
synapse on muscle fibres

58
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

help maintain the blood brain barrier
cover blood vessels
transport nutrients from the blood system into neurons

59
Q

what are the functions of microglial cells?

A

help recover debris and waste
heavily involved in the immune response

60
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

glial cells with extensions rich in myelin that wrap around the axons of some neurons in the CNS

61
Q

what is the function of schwann cells?

A

guide axonal regeneration after damage

PSY 242 (10 decks)

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