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PSY 242 > Chapter 15: Drugs and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Drugs and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

oral administration

A
  • most convenient
  • takes longer to act
  • requires highest dose
  • digestive system acts as a barrier
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2
Q

absorption into skin tissue

A
  • continual, slow release into the bloodstream
  • bypasses the digestive system
  • faster acting than oral method
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3
Q

sublingual absorption

A
  • pill is dissolved under the tongue
  • enters blood stream through membranes in the mouth
  • lower dose compared to oral
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4
Q

inhalation

A
  • reaches brain via blood flow from lungs
  • acts within seconds
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5
Q

injection directly into the bloodstream

A
  • goes to the brain within seconds
  • less of a dose is required
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6
Q

what are the two main pathways in the dopaminergic system?

A
  • mesolimbic pathway (nucleus accumbens)
  • nigrostriatal pathway (substantia nigra)
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7
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

anticipates when a reward is coming and responds when you engage in rewarding behaviour

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8
Q

striatum

A

involved in movement and processes stereotypical behaviours that lead to a reward

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9
Q

limbic system

A

made up of the amygdala (emotional experience) and the hippocampus (long-term memories of rewarding experiences)

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10
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

involved in reasoning and decision making

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11
Q

functional tolerance

A

occurs at the level of the synapse, higher and higher doses are needed to feel the same effect

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12
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

the drug is broken down more easily and the effect doesn’t last as long

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13
Q

what does the effective duration of many drugs depend on?

A

the liver’s ability to metabolize it

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14
Q

when is someone most at risk of suffering an overdose?

A

when they take a break and then start using a high dose again without the same tolerance

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15
Q

physiological dependence

A

produces withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

psychological dependence

A

produces cravings

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17
Q

what does drug dependence rely on?

A
  • positive reinforcement (want to feel good; how dependence starts)
  • negative reinforcement (want to avoid withdrawal symptoms; how dependence in maintained)
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18
Q

incentive sensitization

A

people become more sensitive to all things associated with the drug

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19
Q

epigenetic mechanisms of addiction

A
  • repeated drug use alters gene transcription factors in the reward pathway, which leads to long-term changes in the brain
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20
Q

benzodiazepines

A
  • minor tranquilizers, anti-anxiety agents, and mild sedatives
  • make you less alert
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21
Q

barbiturates and alcohol

A
  • produces sedation and can induce sleep
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22
Q

cross tolerance

A

develop a tolerance to a drug that isn’t being taken because they operate by the same method at the synapse

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23
Q

GABAa receptor binding sites

A
  • alcohol and barbiturates
  • benzodiazepines
24
Q

what does heavy, long-term alcohol use lead to?

A

alters GABA receptors

25
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms associated with alcohol?

A

anxiety, convulsions, and occasionally seizures

26
Q

which neurotransmitters does marijuana release?

A

dopamine and GABA

27
Q

GHB (date rape)

A
  • form of salt
  • rapid absorption
  • high doses cause dizziness, sleep, vomiting
  • used to treat alcohol withdrawal
28
Q

ketamine (surgical anesthetic)

A

out of body experience

29
Q

what are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis

30
Q

what was the first antipsychotic drug?

A

chlorpromazine

31
Q

what is the intentional use of chlorpromazine?

A

general anesthetic for soldiers but ended up being used pre-surgery to calm down the patients

32
Q

first generation antipsychotics

A

dopamine antagonists (can bring people out of a psychotic state)

33
Q

what are the side effects associated with first generation antipsychotics?

A
  • tardive dyskinesia (unwanted movements)
  • anhedonia (inability to feel joy)
34
Q

what do second generation antipsychotics act on?

A

dopamine and serotonin receptors

35
Q

first generation antidepressants

A
  • monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
  • tricyclic antidepressants
36
Q

what are the side effects associated with first generation antidepressants?

A

elevated blood pressure

37
Q

second generation antidepressants

A
  • SSRIs (inhibit serotonin reuptake)
  • SNRIs (act on serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • ketamine
38
Q

morphine

A

synthesized from the active ingredient found in opium in the early 1800s

39
Q

heroin

A

synthetic derivative opioid

40
Q

how does heroin compare to morphine?

A

shorter half life and twice the potency

41
Q

fentanyl potency

A

80 times that of morphine `

42
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid analgesics?

A
  • respiratory suppression (high doses)
  • allodynia (skins becomes sensitive/person may feel pain)
  • myoclonic movements (jerking, reflexive movements)
43
Q

naloxone

A

opioid antagonist that helps with overdose symptoms

44
Q

opioid mechanisms of action

A

bind to opioid G-protein coupled receptors (endorphins) located throughout the body

45
Q

what are the mechanisms of opioid tolerance?

A
  • desensitization (G-protein can decouple from the receptor)
  • endocytosis (receptor sinks down into the cell and is less exposed in the synapse)
  • downregulation (receptor disappears from the synapse)
46
Q

general stimulants

A

drugs that cause a general increase in the metabolic activity of cells

47
Q

what are some examples of stimulants?

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA

48
Q

what can stimulants be used to treat?

A

ADHD

49
Q

nicotine

A
  • acts on acetylcholine receptors
  • can increase focus and attention
50
Q

cocaine

A
  • can be snorted, smoked, or injected
  • rapid rate of tolerance
  • alcohol enhances the effects
  • more intense and addictive in females (related to estrogen receptors)
51
Q

methamphetamine

A
  • smoked or injected
  • low doses elevate mood and increase energy and alertness
  • higher doses can produce hallucinations and psychosis
  • chronic users show evidence of cell loss (reduced hippocampal volume)
52
Q

MDMA

A
  • taken in pill form
  • slow to act but lasts for hours
  • sense of euphoria and heightened awareness
53
Q

hallucinogens

A

alter sensory perception and produce vivid hallucinations

54
Q

who discovered LSD?

A

Albert Hofmann (1943)

55
Q

mescaline

A

dried tops of the peyote cactus (hallucinogen)

PSY 242 (10 decks)

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