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PSY 242 > Chapter 10: Brain Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Brain Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumor?

A

a mass of cells that grow independently of the body

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2
Q

encapsulated tumours

A
  • contained within a membrane
  • can be surgically removed
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3
Q

infiltrating tumour

A
  • doesn’t have a boundary and can spread to nearby cells
  • prognosis is more serious
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4
Q

what is a meningioma?

A

an encapsulated tumour that grows within the layers of the meninges and pushes down on the brain, exerting pressure

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5
Q

how are meningiomas identified?

A

through neuroimaging (CT scan)

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6
Q

what are the risk factors associated with meningiomas?

A
  • age (typically later in life, ~60 yrs)
  • slightly more common in women due to progesterone
  • underproduction of the protein merlin
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7
Q

what is a glioblastoma?

A

an infiltrating tumour (unregulated growth of glial cells)

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8
Q

which types of glial cells can make up a glioblastoma?

A
  • astrocytes (more common)
  • oligodendrocytes
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9
Q

what is the age of onset for a glioblastoma?

A

can occur in 30s and 40s but most common in 60s

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10
Q

what are the symptoms associated with glioblastomas?

A
  • headache
  • hemiparesis (numbness on one side of the body)
  • seizures
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11
Q

how are glioblastomas identified?

A

through an MRI

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12
Q

low grade vs high grade glioblastomas

A

low grade: not readily spreading to the surrounding tissue. can stay this way for years
high grade: starts infiltrating and becomes more dangerous

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13
Q

what are the treatment options for a glioblastoma?

A
  • stereotactic neurosurgery and radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • gene therapy
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14
Q

what is a metastic tumour?

A

a tumour that starts in one place and travels to the brain through the bloodstream

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15
Q

what is an acoustic neuroma?

A

an encapsulated tumour that presses against the auditory nerve

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16
Q

what are the symptoms associated with an acoustic neuroma?

A
  • affects hearing in one ear (ringing or hearing loss)
  • balance problems
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17
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

a blockage of blood to a certain area of the brain, starving that area of oxygen (anoxia)

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18
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

a ruptured blood vessel that causes bleeding in the brain

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19
Q

what type of neuroimaging is used to diagnose a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

CT scan

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20
Q

what type of neuroimaging is used to diagnose an ischemic stroke?

A

MRI

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21
Q

what is an angiogram used to diagnose?

A

used to determine if there is a blockage of blood originating in the heart

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22
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

a blockage that occurs at a certain part of the brain (ischemic stroke)

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23
Q

what is an embolism?

A

a blockage that occurs near the heart and moves to the brain (ischemic stroke)

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24
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

a rupturing of blood vessels that has no warning and is associated with a hemorrhagic stroke

25
Q

what are the effects of stroke?

A
  • excitotoxity
  • necrosis
  • infarct
  • penumbra
26
Q

excitotoxity

A

an extreme release of glutamate in nearby cells

27
Q

necrosis

A

contents of the cell leak out and create responses in nearby cells

28
Q

infarct

A

where cell death is occurring

29
Q

penumbra

A

cells that are responding to cell death and may be damaged

30
Q

what are the symptoms that can be associated with a stroke?

A
  • contralateral effects (hemiparesis, visual deficits, loss of awareness)
  • aphasia
  • spatial neglect
31
Q

what causes spatial neglect?

A

damage to the parietal lobe

32
Q

what are the long-term treatment options for a stroke?

A
  • diet change
  • blood pressure medication
  • blood thinners
33
Q

what is a contusion?

A

the brain hitting the skull, resulting in a hematoma

34
Q

what is a countercoup?

A

a secondary type of injury that occurs when the brain hits the opposite end of the skull from where the impact was

35
Q

what is thought to cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

chronic concussions

36
Q

what is levodopa?

A

medication used to alleviate unwanted Parkinson’s symptoms such as resting tremor

37
Q

what is carbidopa?

A

medication taken in conjunction with levodopa and helps lessen tolerance and unwanted side effects, and allows more concentrated doses of L-dopa to enter the brain

38
Q

what is epilepsy?

A
  • electrical disturbances in the brain
  • can be localized (usually to the temporal lobe) or generalized (spread between both hemispheres)
39
Q

how is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

through brain imaging (EEG)

40
Q

what are focal seizures?

A

a category of seizure that is localized to a specific region of the brain (originates mostly in the temporal lobe)

41
Q

what are focal seizures characterized by?

A
  • aura (can sense the seizure coming on)
  • automatisms (rhythmic, repetitive movements)
  • postural changes (become very rigid)
  • changes in awareness ( zone out/loss of consciousness)
42
Q

what are generalized seizures?

A

seizures that spread from an origin point (typically the temporal lobe) to areas throughout the brain

43
Q

what are generalized seizures characterized by?

A

loss of consciousness and stereotyped motor activity

44
Q

what are the stages of a generalized seizure?

A
  • tonic stage (very rigid)
  • clonic stage (shaking)
  • postictal depression (confusion)
45
Q

what are the characteristics of an absence seizure?

A
  • develops in childhood
  • loss of consciousness for a few seconds
  • typically goes unnoticed
  • kids can grow out of it
46
Q

what are the treatment options for epilepsy?

A
  • anticonvulsant medications
  • surgery
47
Q

how do anticonvulsant medications work?

A
  • promotes the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA
  • calms the brain
48
Q

what are the types of surgery used to treat seizures?

A
  • focal resection (remove part of the brain)
  • corpus callosum resection (sever the corpus callosum)
49
Q

what is encephalitis?

A

inflammation in the brain

50
Q

meningitis

A

a bacterial infection in cerebrospinal fluid that can be treated with antibiotics if caught early enough

51
Q

how is meningitis diagnosed?

A

through a spinal tap

52
Q

syphilis

A

viral infection that causes general paresis and can lie dormant for years

53
Q

rabies

A

a viral infection that attacks the brain and leads to inflammation. causes cognitive decline, behavioural changes, coma, and muscle paralysis

54
Q

beta-amyloid plaques

A

plaques that build up in the brain and suffocate neurons

55
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

string-like filaments associated with plaque buildup and death

56
Q

which region of the brain is targeted first in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

hippocampus is attacked first, causing memory loss

57
Q

acetylcholine antagonists

A

a treatment option for Alzheimer’s, helps to hold symptoms at bay

58
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and degrades myelin in the CNS

59
Q

what are the symptoms of MS?

A
  • ataxia (person loses fine motor control and becomes clumsy)
  • numbness in limbs
  • pain

PSY 242 (10 decks)

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