Chapter 3 - The Fungi, Plants and Animals

Question 0

Hyphae

Answer 0

Microscopically thin, long tubes of cytoplasm with many nuclei; cell walls are made of chitin

Question 1

mycelium

Answer 1

Mesh-like, branching network of filaments called hyphae

Question 2

Where are plants thought to have come from and why?

Answer 2

Green algae – they contain chlorophyll A and B

Question 3

Characteristics of fungi

Answer 3

• multicellular (except yeast)
• eukaryotic
• major cause of disease in plants
• can cause disease in humans (e.g. athlete’s foot)

Question 4

cuticle

Answer 4

a waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants

Question 5

Explain mycorrhiza.

Answer 5

• hyphae grow around or within the plant’s roots
• the fungi supplies plant with nutrients
• the plant provides fungi with energy rich food molecules

Question 6

stomata

Answer 6

small openings in the epidermis of a plant that allow gas exchange

Question 7

gymnosperm

Answer 7

a vascular plant that produces seeds (cones)

e.g. conifers

Question 8

angiosperm

Answer 8

a vascular plant that produces seeds (flowers)

e.g. flowering plants

Question 9

bryophyte

Answer 9

a small, seedless non-vascular plant

e.g. mosses, liverwort, hornworts

Question 10

lycophyte

Answer 10

a seedless vascular plant

e.g. club mosses

Question 11

pterophyte

Answer 11

a seedless vascular plant

e.g. ferns

Question 12

nematocyst

Answer 12

a capsule within specialized cells of cnidarians containing toxins (e.g. jellyfish’s stinging tentacles)

Question 13

Key features of basidiomycetes

Answer 13

• examples include mushrooms, puffballs

- most are decomposers

Question 14

meiosis

Answer 14

a form of cell division in which a single cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells

Question 15

What is the basidia?

Answer 15

The spore producing structure in the gills of basidiomycota

Question 16

dikaryotic

Answer 16

2 nuclei

Question 17

Describe the symbiotic relationship that occurs with lichen.

Answer 17

The fungis’s mycelium envelopes and protects cyanobacteria/green algae and provides them with water and nutrients, and in return the photosynthetic organisms supply the fungi with food.

Question 18

Describe the symbiotic relationship that occurs with mycorrhiza.

Answer 18

Mycorrhiza is where hyphae will grow in and around a plant’s root cells, supplying the plant with nutrients. In return, the plant provides the fungi with energy/food.

Question 19

Where are animals believed to have evolved from?

Answer 19

A colonial, flagellated protist

Question 20

Different between protostomes and deuterostomes

Answer 20

Protostomes - mouth develops before the anus

Deuterostomes - anus forms before the mouth

Question 21

Major characteristics of Porifera (sponges)

Answer 21

• body consists of 2 layers (inner cells for feeding)

- hermaphrodites (release sperm and keep eggs)

Question 22

Major characteristics of Cnidaria + examples

Answer 22

• tentacles with nematocysts
• form hard exoskeletons
• e.g. anemones, jelly fish, coral animals

Question 23

Key features of Platyhelminthes + examples

Answer 23

• flattened, unsegmented bodies
• often parasites
• e.g. tapeworm, liver fluke

Question 24

Key features of Nematoda + examples

Answer 24

- cylindrical, unsegmented bodies | - e.g. pinworms, dog heartworms

Question 25

Key features of Annelida + examples

Answer 25

- segmented worms - many have bristles for movement - e.g. earthworm, feather-duster worms

Question 26

Key features of Mollusca + examples

Answer 26

- 3 main body parts - most have shells - e.g. snails, clams, octopuses, squid

Question 27

Key features of Rotifera + examples

Answer 27

- use cilia to direct food into mouth | - e.g. rotifers

Question 28

Key features of Arthropoda + examples

Answer 28

- segmented bodies with jointed appendages - hard outer skeletons of chitin - e.g. insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, lobster, barnacles

Question 29

Key features of Echinodermata + examples

Answer 29

- bilateral as larvae and radial as adult - one of two phylum that are deuterostomes - e.g. starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, brittle star

Question 30

Key features of Chordata + examples

Answer 30

- one of two phylum that are deuterostomes - bony skeletons - paired appendages - vertebrae/notochord - e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds

Question 31

Key features of Agnathans (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 31

- no jaws - skeletons of cartilage - notochords - e.g. lamprey, hagfish

Question 32

Key features of Chondrichthyes (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 32

- skeletons of cartilage - thick fins - predators - e.g. sharks, rays

Question 33

Key features of Actinopterygii (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 33

- bony skeleton | - e.g. most common fish like bass, salmon, trout

Question 34

Key features of Amphibia (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 34

- tetrapods - aquatic larvae stage - e.g. frogs, salamanders

Question 35

Key features of Reptilia (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 35

- terrestrial tetrapods - dry scaly skin - e.g. snakes, lizards

Question 36

Key features of Aves (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 36

- tetrapods; wings as forelimbs - warm blooded (endothermic) - birds

Question 37

Key features of Mammalia (class of chordata) + examples

Answer 37

- tetrapods - hair - warm blooded (endothermic) - most give birth to live young and feed them milk - e.g. mammals (humans, cats)