Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SBI 3UI > Chapter 2 - Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protists Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-causing micro-organism (e.g. bacteria, virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

plasmid

A

a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells, containing a small number of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

capsule

A

the protective outer layer of some bacteria; makes them appear shiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 common shapes of bacteria

A

coccus/cocci - round
bacillus/bacilli - rod shaped
spirillum/spirilli - spiral/corkscrew shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

obligate aerobe

A

an organism that must have oxygen to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

facultative aerobe

A

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  • chromosome duplicates
  • cell elongates
  • cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the process of conjugation

A
  • 2 cells join to exchange genetic information

- copy of plasmid is transferred to nearby cell through hollow pilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the process of transformation

A
  • bacteria cell picks up and uses pieces of DNA from environment
  • incorporates new DNA into chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endospore

A

a structure highly resistant to extreme conditions that forms around the chromosome when under stress; will remain dormant until conditions improve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the six major groups of bacteria

A
  • Proteobacteria (purple bacteria)
  • Green bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
  • Gram-positive bacteria
  • Spirochetes
  • Chlamydias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

when one species picks up DNA from another species; AKA lateral gene transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 4 reasons why viruses are considered to be non-living.

A
  1. They do not grow
  2. They cannot reproduce
  3. They do not produce/use energy
  4. They cannot maintain homeostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects a bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

5 stages of the lytic cycle

A
  1. ATTACHMENT to cell
  2. PENETRATION of viral DNA or RNA (at which point it may continue with lytic or lysogenic cycle)
  3. REPLICATION (biosynthesis) of new viral proteins and nucleic acids
  4. ASSEMBLY (maturation) of the new viruses
  5. RELEASE of new viruses into environment (cell lyses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 stages of the lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Phage DNA injected
  2. Viral DNA joins host DNA to form prophage
  3. Viral DNA replicated with binary fission
  4. May enter lytic cycle or stay dormant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

viroid

A

small, circular RNA that only infects plants and does not have a protein coat (e.g. potato famine)

19
Q

prion

A

an infectious protein, causing neurological diseases in mammals (e.g. Mad Cow disease)

20
Q

gene therapy

A

a method of treating disease by introducing genes into a cell

21
Q

retrovirus

A

contains RNA (e.g. HIV)

22
Q

mutualism

A

a relationship between 2 species where each species benefits from the association

23
Q

Name the 3 common shapes of bacteria.

A

Coccus (round), bacillus (rod), spirillum (spiral/corkscrew)

24
Q

epidemic

A

a large scale (but confined) outbreak of disease

25
Q

pandemic

A

widespread, global outbreak of a disease

26
Q

endosymbiosis

A

a relationship in which a single celled organism lives inside the cell(s) of another organism

27
Q

Difference between haploid and diploid

A

haploid: a cell containing half the usual number of chromosomes (n)
diploid: a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)

28
Q

zygote

A

a cell formed when a sperm fuses with an egg

29
Q

sporophyte

A

a diploid organism that produces haploid spores

30
Q

gametophyte

A

a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells

31
Q

alternation of generations

A

life cycle in which diploids produce spores that can create haploid individuals; haploids reproduce sexually to produce diploid sporophytes

32
Q

Where do heterotrophic bacteria obtain their nutrients?

A

From carbon-containing organic compounds

33
Q

In bacteria, the cell membrane is called the ____

A

plasma membrane

34
Q

If a bacteria cell can pick up a stain, it has a _______, and is said to be ______.

A

It has a thick peptidoglycan layer (in the cell wall), gram positive

35
Q

Name 3 shapes of viruses

A

Helical, Polyhedral and Complex

36
Q

Explain antibiotic resistance. `

A
  • When a bunch of bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria will die, but resistant bacteria will survive
  • The entire strain become resistant, and the antibiotics are no longer effective
37
Q

Name 4 groups of euryarchaeota.

A

Methanogens, Halophiles, Extreme thermophiles, Psychrophiles

38
Q

Characteristics of amoebas

A
  • heterotrophs
  • pseudopods
  • hard outer skeletons
  • most animal-like
39
Q

Characteristics of euglenoids

A
  • autotrophs
  • unicellular
  • have 2 flagella for movement
40
Q

Characteristics of ciliates

A
  • heterotrophs
  • unicellular
  • many cilia, but no cell walls
41
Q

Characteristics of apicomplexa

A
  • heterotrophs
  • unicellular
  • no cell wall
  • ALL are parasites of animals
42
Q

Characteristics of diatoms

A
  • autotrophs
  • unicellular
  • move by gliding
  • covered by glass-like silica shells
43
Q

Characteristics of red algae

A
  • autotrophs
  • almost all are multicellular
  • no cilia or flagella
  • cell walls made of cellulose
44
Q

Which protists are considered animal-like and which are considered plant-like?

A

Animal: amoeba, ciliates, apicomplexa
Plant: red algae, euglanoids, diatoms

SBI 3UI (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions