Chapter 3 - The Cell Flashcards
The outer boundary of the cell; controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
A fundamental organizing principle of biology that states a cell is the smallest unit of life
The cell theory
Movement across the membrane that doesn’t require energy
Passive transport
Movement of a substance following a concentration gradient; from high to low; end result is an equal distribution of the substance in two areas
Simple diffusion
Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein; use of carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher water concentration to lower.
Osmosis
Movement across the membrane that requires energy; lower to higher with aid of a carrier protein and energy
Active transport
A region of the plasma membrane engulfs the substance to be ingested and then pitches off from the rest of the membrane, enclosing the substances in a vesicles with travels through the cytoplasm
Endocytosis
Two types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Cell eating; large particles or bacteria
Phagocytosis
Cell drinking; droplets of fluid
Pinocytosis
Large molecules are enclosed in membrane-bound vesicles that travel to the plasma membrane where they are released to the outside
Exocytosis
Inside eukaryotic cells; membrane bound; different functions for the cell
Organelles
Contains almost all the genetic information of the cell, the DNA; surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Made of chromatin and other contents of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
A specialized region within the nucleus, involved in the production of ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus
An extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and certain organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Two types of ER
Rough and smooth
Contains ribosomes that guide the production of cell products
Rough ER
Lacks ribosomes; is involved in the production of phospholipids and detoxification
Smooth ER
A series of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs
Golgi Complex
Contains enzymes that break down macromolecules, old organelles, and invaders
Lysosomes
Sites of cellular respiration, provide cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
Mitochondria
Provides shape and support for the cell; is composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
A microtubule-organizing center located near the nucleus
Centriole
Made of the protein tubulin; responsible for the structure and movement cilia and flagella
Microtubules
Numerous short extensions in a cell that move back and forth
Cilia
Larger than cilia and move in an undulating manner (in humans, only found in sperm cells)
Flagella
Made of protein actin; function muscle contraction; form a band that pinches cell into two during cell division
Microfilaments
Protein composition varies from one type of cell to another; diverse group of ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor organelles
Intermediate filaments
Includes all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell; organized into metabolic pathways
Cell metabolism
Cellular respiration requires ______ to break down _______ into final products
oxygen; glucose
Occurs in the cytoplasm; split glucose into two pyruvate molecules; generates a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules; does not require oxygen; Phase One
Glycolysis
Occurs within the mitochondria; CO2 is removed from each pyruvate; forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules; Phase 2
Transition reaction
Occurs within the mitochondria; acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle; releases 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH molecules; requires oxygen; phase 3
Citric acid cycle or Kreb’s cycle
Occurs within the mitochondria; electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen, releases energy that results in 32 ATP, requires oxygen, phase 4
Electron transport chain
Breakdown of glucose without oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm
Fermentation
