chapter 3: social categorization and stereotypes Flashcards
what kinds of social categorization and how stereotypes are used
controlled thinking
conscious
system 2: rational fast binding, rule based system that squires new memories quickly
automatic thinking
unintentional, uncontrollable stimulus driven
system 1: hollisitc rapid, effortless, parallel, affective associative crude slow learning
def: priming
certain idea can activate things in our minds
def: social categorization
simplifying the environment by creating categories based on observable characteristics that a particular set of ppl appear to have in common
people decouple beliefs about members of those groups
beliefs become the content of their stereotypes and often guide future interactions w/ individual social group members
def: intersectionality
members of multiple basic social categories simultaneously
claudia cohens (1981) experiment
female target talks about hobbies script designed to fit with librarian/waitress
bottom up processing
based on observable characteristics of the people we encounter
top down processing
based on prior knowledge stored in memory and their expectation about interactions
minimal group paradigm
in-groups and outgroup members can be created from the most minimal conditions
outgroup homogeneity effect
people believe out group members have similar traits and occupy similar social roles, and so members of out group all look alike
cross-racial identification bais
people of other races all look alike to most perceivers
illusory correlations
beliefs that incorrectly link 2 characteristics such as race and personality trait
stereotype knowledge
info about stereotypes
stereotype endorsement
believe the stereotype
steps pf stereotype activation
notice characteristics of a person that indicates a person’s membership in social category
observer categorizes the person on the basis of those characteristics
Categorization activates stereotype associate with category
stereotype is applied unless the person is both motivated and able to inhibit the stereotype
Stereotype activation
extent to which a stereotype is accessible in ones mind
not always activated just because it exists in your mind
stereotype application
the extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge members of the group
when are stereotypes most likely to be activated
when interacting with strangers
factors that affect automatic stereotype application
prototypically
situational context
prejudice
cognitive busyness
prototypically
extent to which a member of a social group or category fits the observer’s concept of essential features characteristic of that social group
situational context
specific context can affect the interpretation of what another person is like
prejudice
more prejudiced someone is the more likely they are to be activated
cognitive busyness
people are busy with one mental task stereotype activation is affected
motives that affect stereotype activation
comprehension goals
self enhancement goals
social adjustment goals
motivation to control prejudice
comprehension goals
people need to form accurate impressions of people (job interviewer)
self enhancement goals
people need to see themselves in a positive light
social adjustment goals
people want to fit into situations and adhere to behavioral norms
motivation to control prejudice
not wanting to be or appear prejudice less stereotype activation
how long does it take for a stereotype to dissipate
12 minutes
factors that affect motivation to inhibit stereotypes
Motivation to avoid prejudice
Comprehension goals
Cognitive style
self protection and self enhancement goals
social power
sub typing model
treat group members who don’t fit stereotypes as anomalies
concentrated disconfirmation
an individual encounters one person who doesn’t meet stereotype create new subtype
dispersed disconfirmation
see trait over and over again update their stereotype
5 D’s of difference
distancing
denial
defensiveness
devaluing
discovery
distancing
avoid situations when we feel out of place
denial
refusing to accept research findings that suggest a bias against certain groups
defensiveness
desire to guard against the possibility of appearing biased, unfair, or uncaring
devaluing
when differences are treated as unimportant
discovery
appreciating the differences between oneself and another and seeing how enriching those differences can be
