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PSYC 241: Social Psych > Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain Systems: Involuntary (Rabbit) System

A
  • Effortless
  • Fast
  • Intuition
  • Involuntary Control
  • Many of our judgements come from this one
  • Occasionally makes errors in perception
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2
Q

Brain Systems: Voluntary (Turtle) System

A
  • Analytical
  • Constructed Thoughts
  • Concentration
  • Effort
  • Reason
  • Patience
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3
Q

Priming

A
  • System 1
  • Activating specific memory associations
  • Influence certain thoughts and actions
  • Bells that only “subconscious butlers” can hear
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4
Q

Embodied Cognition

A
  • The 3-way street of body sensation, cognitive preferences, and social judgements
  • Wobbly chair = unstable relationship
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5
Q

Intuitive Judgements

A
  • We have innate trust in our system 1
  • Most of our behavior is unconscious (system 1)
  • Unconscious intuitions are not better than thought out conclusions
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6
Q

Power of Intuition: Automatic Processing

A

Subconscious thoughts that are effortless and habitual - correlates to our intuition (System 1) (driving etc.)

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7
Q

Power of Intuition: Controlled Processing

A

Conscious thoughts that are deliberate (System 2)

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8
Q

Automatic Processing: Schemas

A

Mental templates formed over time that guide our perceptions

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9
Q

Automatic Processing: Emotional Reactions

A

Instant reactions from our thalamus (sense switchboard) to our amygdala (emotional control) before the cortex can process events

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10
Q

Automatic Processing: Blindsight

A

Functionally blind people may implicitly comprehend visual info

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11
Q

Automatic Processing: Subliminal Perception

A

Seeing something negative makes us feel ashamed without realizing it

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12
Q

Intuition Limits

A
  • Subliminal stimuli barely effect our feelings
  • We have error-prone hindsight
  • Low capacity for illusions
  • We create reasons for our intuitive actions
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13
Q

Overconfidence Phenomenon

A
  • We tend to be more confident in our beliefs than correct
  • This is true of facts, judgments of others and their behavior, and our own behavior
  • Result of incompetence and underestimation of situational forces
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14
Q

Kahneman and Tversky: Optimal Challenge

A
  • We want a challenge, but not too difficult
  • This is fueled by our overconfidence
  • Incompetence feeds overcondifence
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15
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to seek info that confirms our beliefs (system 1)

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16
Q

Confirmation Bias: Ideological Echo Chambers

A

Surrounding yourself with opinions that align with your own

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17
Q

Confirmation Bias: Seeking Feedback

A
  • We seek feedback that affirms our self-beliefs (positive or negative)
  • People like others who see them as they see themselves
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18
Q

Confidence in Intuition VS Statistical Prediction

A
  • Trust our decisions more than data
  • Intuition is less reliable than stats
  • Even when experts are given data, they still can’t use it to make more accurate predictions
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19
Q

Remedies for Overconfidence

A
  • Prompt Feedback on behaviour
  • Consider Disconfirming Info
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20
Q

Heuristics

A

Thinking strategies that enable quicker judgements

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21
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Making judgements about the probability of an event without evidence

22
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Things seem more likely when they come to mind easily

23
Q

Availability Heuristic: Probability Neglect

A

Availability Heuristics make us more scared of stories than actual data

24
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A
  • The tendency to imagine how scenarios could have gone differently
  • Causes our feelings of luck
  • We feel worse when we barely don’t achieve something than when we easily achieve something worse (2nd vs 3rd place)
25
Q

Illusory Thinking: Illusory Correlation

A

The tendency to correlate circumstantial things, especially when we expect them to be correlated (confirmation bias)

26
Q

Illusory Thinking: Gambling

A

People bet more when they feel they have control - wins are skill while losses are flukes

27
Q

Illusory Thinkning: Illusion of Control

A

The perception of events as controllable even when they are out of your control

28
Q

Moods & Judgement: Unhappy People

A
  • Tend to brood
  • More understandable and controlled
29
Q

Moods and Judgement: Happy People

A
  • Tend to be positive
30
Q

Moods and Judgement: Past behavior

A
  • Good mood causes happier perception of past behavior
  • Bad mood does the opposite
  • If we acknowledge our mood, we can help shift these perspectives
31
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Events

A
  • First impressions (system 1) are generally good
  • Beliefs and schemas shape how we perceive events
32
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Politics

A
  • We tend to view those we disagree with as having biased opinions
  • Debates with no clear winner tend to reinforce positions on both sides
33
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Belief Perseverance

A
  • We tend to keep our initial beliefs, even when discredited
  • Even when a belief was planted by experimenters, 75% of participants held onto it
  • Once we explain our beliefs, we are more likely to hold them
  • Explanations can help understanding, but can also trap our beliefs
34
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Memories

A
  • Memories aren’t preserved but constructed from our current feelings and fragments
  • We often revise these to fit our current knowledge (after-the-fact judgements)
35
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Misinformation Effect

A
  • We often incorporate “misinformation” into our memory after being fed false info about this event
  • COMPLIANT CONFESSIONS happen when accused are sleep deprived and manipulated
36
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Reconstructing Past Attitudes

A
  • People tend to filter out unpleasant events in pleasant experiences, or vice versa
  • This can turn into a feedback loop, since everytime you remember something it reinforces your feelings about it and you remember it better or worse
37
Q

Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Reconstructing Past Behavior

A
  • We tend to shift memories toward us succeeding
  • We have a TOTALITARIAN EGO that reconstructs the past to point out these successes
38
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Attributing Causality

A
  • We analyze negative behavior from others more closely
  • Happy partners attribute actions to situational factors, while unhappy ones attribute them to personal vendettas
39
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Misattribution

A

We often attribute behavior inaccurately

40
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Attribution Theory

A

Analyzes how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it

41
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Dispositional Attribution

A

(Internal Cause) We attribute actions to person’s disposition

42
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Situational Attribution

A

(External Cause) We attribute actions to a person’s situation

43
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Inferring Traits

A

Inference can happen when someone acts outside of the norm in a situation

44
Q

Explaining Our Social Worlds: Spontaneous Trait inference

A

We subconsciously infer traits when perceiving behavior

45
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A
  • We tend to overestimate dispositional influences on others behavior
  • AKA correspondence bias
  • We even underestimate our own effect on behavior
  • We don’t do this to ourselves
46
Q

FAE: Perspective & Situational Awareness

A
  • The environment informs our perceptions
  • Others are part of the environment
  • We usually understand environmental factors on our own behavior
  • We usually get better insight with time
47
Q

FAE: Camera Perspective Bias

A
  • Interview footage is biased based on who the camera shows
  • We find causes where we look for them
48
Q

FAE: Cultural Differences

A
  • Individualist cultures are more likely to perform the FAE
49
Q

Social Beliefs: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A
  • Beliefs that cause an outcome that confirms the belief
  • BEHAVIOURAL CONFIRMATION: When prepared to think a certain way about someone, we will notice these things more than others
50
Q

Social Beliefs: Experimenter Bias

A

Research participants will follow DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS given by researchers that can affect data

51
Q

Social Beliefs: Teacher Bias

A

Teacher expectations affect the attention they give - students that get more attention have more opportunities which affirms the teachers expectations

PSYC 241: Social Psych (11 decks)

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