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1410 Chap 1 - 4 > Chapter #3/ Slides #3 > Flashcards

Chapter #3/ Slides #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Seismicity

A

Earthquake Activity

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2
Q

Define Seismic waves

A

Vibrations generated by earthquakes

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3
Q

Define Seismology

A

Scientific study of eathquakes

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4
Q

Seismologists

A

Scientists who study earthquakes

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5
Q

Define Faults

A

Fractures in rocks

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6
Q

A sloping fault plane is classified within two names

A

Hanging wall and Footwall

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7
Q

Define hanging wall

A

The rock above the fault plate

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8
Q

Define foot wall

A

the rock below the fault plate

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9
Q

Define normal fault

A

The hanging wall moves down the fault plane relative to the foot wall

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10
Q

Define reverse fault

A

The hanging wall moves up the fault plane, relative to the footwall

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11
Q

Define a thrust fault

A

A reverse fault but with a gentle slope

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12
Q

Define strike-slip fault

A

Movement occurs parallel to the strike line

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13
Q

Define Elastic Deformation

A

When rocks can recover their shape after stress is removed

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14
Q

Define Elastic Rebound

A

When bent rock on both sides of a fault suddenly straighten out

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15
Q

Define Elastic-rebound theory

A

Seismic waves generated due to elastic rebound

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16
Q

Define Stick-slip behavior

A

The cycle of stress build-up and eventual slippage along a fault

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17
Q

Focus/Hypocenter

A

The location inside Earth where seismic waves begin

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18
Q

Epicenter

A

The point on earths surface directly above the focus (where earthquake begins)

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19
Q

Foreshocks

A

A cluster of small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

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20
Q

Mainshock

A

the largest earthquake of a sequence

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21
Q

Aftershocks

A

A cluster of small earthquakes following a main shock

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22
Q

What are foreshocks?

a) seismic waves originating from an epicenter

b) small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

c) the four largest earthquakes in a sequence

d) energy released due to vertical slip along a strike-slip fault

A

b) small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

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23
Q

What are body waves and list both

A

Travel through Earth’s interior. P-waves and S-waves

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24
Q

Surface waves, name both

A

Travel on Earth’s surface, slower than body waves

L-waves: Horizontal shearing motion, like a snake
R-waves: Vertical motion of rolling undulations

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25
Q

Attenuation

A

Waves weaken with increasing distance from the focus. As energy spreads it cover more area.

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26
Q

Amplification

A

Waves slow down as they enter weaker rock. Slowing velocity causes wavelength to shrink but amplitude to grow

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27
Q

Reflection

A

Wave energy bounces away from boundary

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28
Q

Refraction

A

Wave energy crosses boundary and changes angle

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29
Q

Seismographs

A

A device that measures and records ground motion

30
Q

Seismograms

A

The record of an earthquake produced by a seismograph

31
Q

Arrival time

A

The instant when a seismic wave appears

32
Q

What waves arrive first between P and S

A

P arrive first, while S arrive second

33
Q

How does a seismograph work?

a) The pen moves as the ground shakes.

b) The frame moves as the ground shakes, but the weight and pen do
not.

c) The weight moves as the ground shakes, thus moving the pen.

d) The frame, weight, and pen move as the ground shakes.

A

b) The frame moves as the ground shakes, but the weight and pen do
not.

34
Q

In order list the Adjectives that describe each magnitude of earthquake
>8.0
7.0-7.9
6.0-6.9
5.0-5.9
4.0-4.9
<3.9

A

Great
Major
Strong
Moderate
Light
Minor

35
Q

Select the correct statement regarding the relationship between
earthquake magnitude, ground motion amplitude, and released energy.

a) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 10 times more ground
motion amplitude and 32 times more released energy.

b) An increase of 10 units of magnitude yields 10 times more ground
motion amplitude and 10 times more released energy.

c) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 2 times more ground
motion amplitude and 12 times more released energy.

d) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 50 times more ground
motion amplitude and 1,000,000 times more released energy

A

a) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 10 times more ground
motion amplitude and 32 times more released energy.

36
Q

Seismic belts

A

Are zones where earthquakes happen fairly often

37
Q

Earthquakes are common at which plate boundaries?

A

Divergent
Transform
Convergent

38
Q

Earthquakes that occur away from plate boundaries, list them

A

Rift zones
Intraplate Earthquakes

39
Q

What human activity induces earthquakes

A

Oil and gas wastewater injection wells

40
Q

Divergent Boundary Seismicity

A

Mid-ocean divergent boundaries, both normal and transform faults, occur far from society. Often generate shallow earthquakes

41
Q

Transform-Boundary Seismicity

A

Population centers near continental transform boundaries are unsafe. Shallow earthquakes are common

42
Q

Convergent Boundary Seismicity

A

area generates megathrust earthquakes, shallow intermediate, and deep focus earthquakes are common. Large slip areas cause the mega thrust.

43
Q

Wadati-Benioff Zone

A

A sloping band of seismicity tracing a subduction lithospheric plate. Includes shallow, intermediate, and deep-focus earthquakes

44
Q

Intraplate Seismicity

A

Earthquakes occur along ancient, preexisting faults. Earthquakes here are usually shallow-focus.

45
Q

Induced Seismicity

A

Humans changing water pressure beneath earths surface.

46
Q

What does the map of Earth’s seismicity reveal?

a) Most earthquakes occur within intraplate regions.

b) Most earthquakes are a result of induced seismicity.

c) Most earthquakes are classified in the megathrust category.

d) Most earthquakes occur along distinct seismic belts.

A

d) Most earthquakes occur along distinct seismic belts.

47
Q

Ground Rupture is caused by

A

Strike-slip faults

48
Q

What Motion do P wave cause?

A

push the ground up and down

49
Q

What Motion do S wave cause?

A

shear the ground side to side

50
Q

What Motion do R wave cause?

A

make the ground undulate in waves

51
Q

What Motion do L wave cause?

A

make the ground shimmy like a snake

52
Q

PGA

A

Peak Ground Acceleration

53
Q

Landslides

A

when soil and rock tumble or flow downslope

54
Q

Liquefaction

A

Is when packed wet sand is shaken into a slurry. Building foundation sink into a slurry and topple over.

55
Q

Resonance

A

The period at which a building sways at

56
Q

Resonance disasters, what is it

A

When buildings resonant periods match with the grounds resonant period.

57
Q

Tsunamis, how are they caused by earthquakes

A

Earthquakes along ocean plate boundaries can displace overlying ocean.

58
Q

Disease, how can it be caused by earthquakes?

A

Rupturing water and sewer lines.

59
Q

Define Short-term prediction, for earthquakes

A

hours or years are impossible to predict

60
Q

Define long-term predictions for eathquakes

A

decades or centuries are possible to predict/estimate

61
Q

Paleoseismicity

A

The geological record of prehistoric seismicity

62
Q

Seismic gaps

A

Portion of an active fault with no major earthquakes for a long time

63
Q

Fault creep

A

slow slippage instead of a sudden seismic pulse

64
Q

What does GPS measue?

A

Measures crustal movement on either side of a fault.

65
Q

What doe InSAR Measure

A

Measures vertical ground movement

66
Q

Early Warning System

A

Transmit an earthquake occurrence and seismic waves are coming

67
Q

Probabilistic earthquake hazard maps display?

A

Peak ground acceleration and gravity in reference in color

68
Q

Alternative earthquake hazard maps display?

A

Estimated number of damaging earthquakes, colored relative to spatial extent

69
Q

How do seismologists calculate an earthquake’s recurrence interval
(RI)?

a) by increasing an earthquake’s magnitude to the 32 power

b) by dividing a specific time period by its number of earthquakes

c) by adding up all the earthquakes that occurred within 10 years

d) by multiplying the number of earthquakes and their MW

A

b) by dividing a specific time period by its number of earthquakes

70
Q

List ways to prevent resonance on a building.

A

Base Isolation
Shear Walls/Brace Frames
Motion dampers/moving weight

71
Q

Why would a city official in an earthquake-prone area pass a zoning
regulation that prohibits construction in a reclaimed area of land that is
primarily filled with sand?

a) to make a future neighborhood safe from soil and rock landslides

b) to prevent buildings from tipping over due to liquefaction

c) to mitigate infrastructure damage caused when P-waves travel on Earth’s surface

d) to ensure that emergency personnel and equipment are ready for a seismic event

A

b) to prevent buildings from tipping over due to liquefaction

1410 Chap 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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