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1410 Chap 1 - 4 > Chapter #2/ Slides #2 > Flashcards

Chapter #2/ Slides #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Atmosphere

A

The gas surrounding Earth’s surface

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2
Q

Define Geosphere

A

The solid Earth from surface to center

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3
Q

Define Hydrosphere and Cryosphere

A

Liquid water and ice in all other realms

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4
Q

Define Biosphere

A

All types of living organisms

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5
Q

Define Weather, in the atmosphere

A

Short-term atmospheric conditions

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6
Q

Define Climate, in the atmosphere

A

Long-term atmospheric conditions

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7
Q

Define Bathymetry

A

The shape of the ocean floor

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8
Q

What does Earths internal energy cause?

A

Melts rock which forms volcanos.

Internal energy drives plate movement

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9
Q

Define Nebula

A

A cloud of gas, ice, and dust.

Gravity and motion flatten the cloud into a disk.

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10
Q

Define Protoplanets

A

Sun evolves in the disks center.

Matter accretes into planetesimals, then into protoplanets.

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11
Q

Define Inner and outer planets

A

Inner Planets: four small, rocky, metal-rich planets

Outer Planets: four large, planets made mostly of gas

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12
Q

What are the main 4 elements earth is made up of?

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium

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13
Q

Differentiation, Earths layers

A

Iron at earths core

Mantle: surrounds the core and a thin curst solidifies

Crust is made up of minerals, rocks, sediments and soil

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14
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of minerals?

A
  1. Naturally Occurring
    - Created by nature
  2. Generally inorganic
    - No chains or rings of carbon atoms
  3. Homogeneous
    - Composition and structure are constant throughout
  4. Crystalline Solid
    - Atoms remain fixed within a recurring, orderly pattern.
  5. Definable Composition
    - A well-established chemical formula
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15
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of rocks?

A
  1. Coherent
    - Holds itself together as a solid mass
  2. Naturally Occurring
    - Formed only by geological processes
  3. An aggregate of minerals
    - Many minerals are attached to one another
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16
Q

What are Clastic rocks made from?

A

Made up of rock fragments that are cemented together

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17
Q

What are Crystalline rocks made from?

A

Made up of minerals that are locked together.

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18
Q

Define Magma

A

Molten rock beneath earths surface

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19
Q

Define Lava

A

Molten rock on earths surface

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20
Q

What is Igneous rock?

A

Igneous rock is the solidification of Lava or Magma

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21
Q

How do cooling speed affect texture?

A

The faster the cool the finer the texture. And the slower the courser the texture.

22
Q

What is composition defined by?

A

Si0(sub2) content

23
Q

Define the types of weathering and what they do.

A

Physical Weathering: Breaks rock into smaller clasts

Chemical Weathering: Changes the chemical composition of rocks.

24
Q

What can weathering create? Think creation

A

Weathered rocks can create clay and soil.

25
Q

Sediment Comes in two forms, what are they?

A
  1. Deposited and accumulated clasts.
  2. Once dissolved minerals now precipitated out of water.
26
Q

What are Beds?

A

Successive layers of deposited sediments.

27
Q

Define Lithification

A

Clasts are compacted together and cemented together.

28
Q

Define compaction

A

Occurs as clasts are squeezed together

29
Q

Define Cementation

A

Occurs as minerals precipitate out between clasts.

30
Q

How are metamorphic rocks made?

A

From lots of pressure and heat

31
Q

What is the Lithosphere consist of?

A

The earths crust and upper mantle

32
Q

Where is the Asthenosphere?

A

Below the Lithosphere, it is relatively soft and able to flow

33
Q

Define Pangea

A

The original formation of land mass as one massive connected continent.

34
Q

What is an Active Continental Margin?

A

Are plate boundaries, and thus have earthquakes

35
Q

What is an Passive Continental Margin?

A

Are not plate boundaries, and thus do not have earthquakes

36
Q

What is an Passive Continental Margin?

A

Are not plate boundaries, and thus do not have earthquakes

37
Q

Name the 3 Types of Plate Boundaries and what they do

A

Divergent Boundaries: Lithospheric plates move away from each other

Convergent Boundaries: Lithospheric plates move towards each other.

Transform Boundaries: Lithospheric plates slide horizontally past each other.

38
Q

Define Down Going Plate

A

The plate that sinks

39
Q

Define Overriding Plate

A

The plate that does not sink

40
Q

Define Subduction

A

The process of an oceanic plate slipping beneath an overriding plate

41
Q

Define Deep sea trenches

A

Where an oceanic plate slides beneath another plate

42
Q

Define Island Arc

A

Forms when an ocean plate subducts beneath an ocean plate

43
Q

Define Continental Arc

A

Forms when an ocean plate subducts beneath a continental plate

44
Q

What happens when two plates collide?

A

They form a mountain belt (i.e. mountain ) this boundary is known as a suture

45
Q

What happens when the lithosphere breaks apart?

A

It forms Rift basins due to these faults.

46
Q

Slab-pull force

A

Subducting plates are dense, thus act like anchors.
* Plates are dragged toward convergent boundaries.

47
Q

Ridge-push force

A
  • Mid-ocean ridges are at a higher elevation than abyssal plains.
  • Gravity forces elevated ridge toward lower elevations.
48
Q

Asthenosphere convection

A

Convection currents drag at base of lithospheric plates.

49
Q

Define Uplift

A

When land elevation increases

50
Q

Define Subsidence

A

When land elevation decreases.

51
Q

Define Stress

A

A force applied over an area

52
Q

Define compression ,tension, and shear

A

Compression: squeeze a rock
Tension: stretches rock
Shear: adjacent rock moves parallel to plate boundary

1410 Chap 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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