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chapter 3 skin structures and diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest organ of the body?

A

skin

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2
Q

dermatology definition

A

medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin. its nature, structure, functions, diseases and treatment

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3
Q

dermatologist definition

A

physician engaged in the practice of treating the skin, including its structures functions and diseases.

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4
Q

integumentary system definition

A

organ system consisting of the hair, skin, nails and exocrine glands.

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5
Q

what does the skin do?

A

protects the network of muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels and everything else inside our bodies. thinnest around eyes and eyelids and thickets on hands and soles of feet.

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6
Q

what is healthy skin? SB

A

slightly moist, soft, flexible with a textured feel and appearance that is ideally smooth and fine grained.

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7
Q

surface of healthy skin is what?

A

slightly acidic and its immune responses react quickly to microscopic organisms that touch or try to enter it.

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8
Q

appendages of the skin include what?

A

hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.

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9
Q

as a nail tech what must you be able to do?

A

recognize adverse conditions such as irritated or inflamed skin, disease, and infectious skin disorders.

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10
Q

callus definition

A

repeated pressure on any part of the skin, prevents damage, must not be fully removed or it can cause injury or possible infection.

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11
Q

skin is composed of how many layers?

A

3 ( epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue/hypo dermis)

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12
Q

epidermis definition

A

outermost and thinnest layer of the skin. does not contain blood vessels, reliant on dermis for nutrition for continuous cell renewal, has 5 layers, stratum is Latin for layer, outermost top layer of our epidermis is the stratum corneum and its visible to the eye and the part the beauty practitioner cares for.

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13
Q

stratum corneum

A

also called horny layer. first line of defense against foreign substances and antigens such as uv rays, pollution, allergens, viruses, bacteria and undesirable topicals. asses ones level of photo damage, skin type, and any abnormal skin conditions by examining this layer. has scale like cells that are continually being shed and replaced by others that are constantly rising to the surface.

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14
Q

keratin definition

A

a fibrous protein that is also the principle component of hair and nails.

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15
Q

keratinization definition

A

chemical conversion of living cells into dead cells. skin renewal process takes 25-28 days depending on general info of person. keratinization cells combine with lipids/fats, salts, minerals, and water that are produced by glands in the skin. makes up the outer layer of skin known as the barrier function or acid mantel. protective and water resistant.

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16
Q

stratum lucidum definition

A

clear, transparent layer just under the skins surface; consists of small oval shaped cells in which light can pass. most abundant in palms of hands and soles of feet. thicker areas have ridges that give our palms and soles traction through friction so we don’t slip or drop anything. finger print swirls are dependent on this layer to form

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17
Q

stratum granulosom

A

or grainy layer consist of cells that look like small distinct granules. cells are dying as they are pushed to the surface and will eventually replace the stratum corneum or dead skin cells as they are shed from skin surface layer. tiny desmosomes from residual fingerlike protrusions that were broken away from outter layer of spinosum cells cobine with the granule cells. they then become part of the intercellular cement that holds all skin layers together. process of keratinization is created here.

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18
Q

stratum spinosum

A

called spiny layer. just above basal layer ( deepest layer) of the epidermis. as these cells rise to the surface they form desmosomes finger like projections that function like clogs or spot welds between cells. this is where lanerhans cells reside.

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19
Q

langerhans definition

A

immune support cells. reside in the stratum spinosum and help protect the body from infection by identifying potential harmful substances known as antigens.

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20
Q

stratum germinativum

A

known as the basal layer. deepest living layer of the epidermis. produces new epidermal skin cells through a process of mitosis to replace keratinized skin cells that are shed from the stratum corneum by daily cleansing and normal or over reactive cellular metabolism.

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20
Q

stratum germinativum

A

known as the basal layer. deepest living layer of the epidermis. produces new epidermal skin cells through a process of mitosis to replace keratinized skin cells that are shed from the stratum corneum by daily cleansing and normal or over reactive cellular metabolism. special column shaped cells that produce; melanocytes, melanosomes, aka pigmented granules melanin.

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21
Q

what and how should you use sunscreen?

A

spf 15-30. helps melanin protect sensatice skin cells against uv exposure. help protect from damage against cancer, premature aging.

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22
Q

dermis definition

A

or true skin is the underlying or inner layer of the skin. also called derma, corium, or cutis. highly sensitive and 25x thicker than the epidermis. within structure there are numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles and arrector papillae muscles. made up of two layers; papillary and deeper reticular layer.

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23
Q

papillary layer definition

A

upper layer of the dermis located directly underneath the epidermis. find dermal papillae here which are cone shaped elevations containing containing large amounts of gel like substance chemically known as muco-polysaccharides or glucose aminoglycans. this substance makes up a great deal of the reticular dermis below. papillae also contain looped capillary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and small nerve endings called tactile corpuscles and sensitive to touch and pressure. 10-20% accounts for dermis.

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24
reticular layer definition
deepest layer of the dermis and supplies the skin with all of its oxygen and nutrients. major support for the skin is derived from this layer. it is home to the sweat glands, blood vessels, hair follicals, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, nerve endings, collagen fibroblasts, elastin.
25
subcutaneous tissue and layer
fatty layer found below the dermis. fat tissue is also called an adipose tissue or subcutis tissue and it varies in thickness depending on persons info. gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fats that are oil soluble vitamins and hormones, acts as an energy source of food for use as energy, and serves as a protective cushion for the skin and underlying structures.
26
the skin is covered with endings of the following nerve fibers.
motor nerve fibers; distributed to the arrector pili muscles. sensory nerve fibers; reacts to heat, cold, pressure, touch, pain. sends messages to brain. secretory nerve fibers; distributed to the sweat and oil glands of the skin. regulates excretion of perspiration from sweat glands and controls flow of sebum to surface of skin. also part of the autonomic nervous system.
27
where are nerve endings most abundant in?
fingertips.
28
skin gets its strength, form, flexibility, from two specific structures composed of flexible protein fibers found within the dermis. collagen and elastin make up 70% of the dermis. definitions next card.
collage- fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength. 16 types through out body. type 1&3 are most abundant in skin. makes up large portion of dermis 70%. help gives structural support to the skin by holding together all structures found in this layer. elastin- collagen fibers are interwoven with it. Makes up 15% of collagen fibers this fiber gives the skin its flexibility helping it regain its shape even after being repeatedly stretched or expanded. Both fibers are important to the overall health and appearance of the skin.
29
Skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. What are these two?
Sudoriferous glands or sweat glands and the sebaceous glands or oil glands
30
Sudoriferous sweat glands definition
Consist of a coil base or secretory coil. Along the coils are small ducts that deliver hydration to the skin through cells called aquaporins. Has a tube like duct. Controlled by the nervous system. evaporation of sweat cools the skin surface aka wicking. 1-2 pints of liquid are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.
31
There are two types of sweat glands in our bodies what are they?
Apocrine glands- are usually associated with our hair follicles, scalp, underarms, and genitals. Secrete a fatty sweat. Are inactive till they are stimulated by hormonal changes in puberty. Can be stimulated by stress and can sometimes create odorous fatty acid. eccrine glands- MAJOR sweat glands of the skin and found all over. coiled tubular glands that excrete directly to the surface of the skin helping regulate body tempeture and eliminate waste products from the body.
32
sebaceous oil glands
sebum is a semi-fluid that in humans contains a mixture of of triglycerides, cholesterol, ester waxes, and squalene. triglycerides and fatty acids make up 57.5% of sebum. next most abundant molecules are ester waxes which make up 26% of sebum, all lubricate hair and skin. squalene makes up 12% the least abundant lipid is cholesterol. glands are connected to the hair follicles. consist of little sacs with ducts that open into follicles. not in palms or soles of feet. 1oo glands per square inch. 900 glands per square inch on face and scalp. determines our skin types.
33
barrier function definition
when skin is healthy sebum flows through the oil ducts to the opening at the top of the hair follicles to mix with sweat and forms the acid mantel or
34
comedo definition
when the sebum hardens and the ducts becomes clogged from pollution or bad hygiene a pore impaction or a comdeo can occur.
35
acne is what?
a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from harden secretions, bacteria, and gaseous sacs that result in papules, pustules, and cysts.
36
where is acne found most?
face, upper neck, shoulders, back. not a concern for nail tech.
37
how is the skin nourished?
blood supplies the nutrients and oxygen to the skin.
38
what are nutrients?
are molecules from food, such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats. necessary for cell life, repair, and growth.
39
lymph definition
clear fluid of the body that resembles blood plasma but contains only water and other colorless substances. fluid supplied from the lymph nodes and bathes the skins cells, removes toxins, and other cellular waste and has immune functions that help protect the skin and body against disease.
40
skin cannot get nourishment how?
be nourished outside in, can only get nourishment from the foods we eat.
41
study of skins function is called?
skin physiology
42
principle functions of the skin are?
protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption.
43
what is a constant internal temperature of a human?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
43
what is a constant internal temperature of a human?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
43
what is a constant internal temperature of a human?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
44
nutrition definition
process of converting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into energy to help regulate temperature and build and rebuild body structures for body to move and think.
45
vitamins are separated into what two categories?
oil soluble and water soluble.
46
what do vitamins do for the body?
play an important role in skins health aiding in healing and fighting diseases of the skin.
47
oil soluble vitamins definition
A,D,E,K are stored in our fat tissue and used when we exert energy.
48
water soluble vitamins definition
B,C, carotene are consumed quickly and flushed out through sweat and elimination. that's why its important to eat a diet rich food. Best when vitamins come food and not supplements.
49
water and the skin
our bodies are mostly water. drinking excessive amounts of water can lead to a dangerous condition called water intoxication.
50
the UV energy of the sun reaches the skin in two different forms
uva and uvb. uv is not considered light but energy. uvb rays are shorter and have higher frequency and are more damaging to the skin as they penetrate the epidermis. known as burning rays aka sunburns. vitamin D 10 min in sun per day. uva rays penetrate earths crust up to 20%. known as aging rays. breaks down collagen and elastin.
51
esthetician definition
specialist in cleansing, preservation of health and beautification of the skin and body.
52
two different symptoms or signs of disease and disorder are?
subjective symptoms are those that you feel. objective symptoms are those that you see.
53
not all skin diseases are contagious but
some are highly infectious such as warts, athletes foot, and shingles. others are part of a persons genetic predisposition, like eczema or psoriasis.
54
keratoma
known as callus
55
the fitzpatrick scale definition
the presence of melanin is a contributing factor and can also help identify skin types that are sensitive to pigmentation issues or poor healing keloids.
56
lesions definition
is a mark on the skin. there are three different types of lesions primary secondary and tertiary. Certain lesions could indicate an injury or damage that changes the structure of tissues or organs. Nail technician is concerned with primary and secondary lesions only.
57
Primary lesions definition
Are lesions that are a different color than the color of the skin and or lesions that are raised above the surface of the skin. Differentiated by the size and layers of skin affected and may require medical referral. These are bulla, cyst and tubercle, macule, nodule, papule, pustule, tumor, vesicle, wheal.
58
Secondary lesions definition
Are characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or a scab, or by depressions in the skin surface, such as an ulcer. May require medical referral. These are crust, excoriation, Fisher, keloid, scale, scar or cicatrix, ulcer.
59
Disorders of the sudoriferous sweat glands are?
Anhidrosis, bromhidrosis, hyperhidrosis, Miliaria rubra= vesicles.
60
Skin inflammations
Dermatitis, eczema, Cellulitis, psoriasis.
61
Eczema definition SB
An inflammatory painful itching disease of the skin it is acute or chronic in nature and presents in many forms from flaky or dry itchy skin to hot or moist lesions that are blister like and sometimes painful it is not contagious and can be treated by a physician.
62
Psoriasis definition SB
Is skin disease characterized by red patches covered with silver white scales usually found on the scalp elbows knees chest and lower back. Can also affect the nail plates causing them to develop surface pitch red spots on the nail bed or other related symptoms psoriasis is not contagious.
63
Pigmentation disorders
Albinism, chloasma, lentigenes, leukoderma, Nevis, port wine stain, tan, vitiligo.
64
Skin cancer
Comes in three distinct forms varying in severity each is named for the type of cells that it affects. These are moles, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant Melanoma.
65
Malignant Melanoma definition SB
Malignant Melanoma is the least common, but is 100% fatal if left untreated early detection and treatment can result in a 94% five year survival rate, but that drops drastically 62% when it reaches local lymph nodes. Often appear on individuals who do not receive regular sun exposure and are most commonly found on areas of the body that are not regularly exposed this disease is referred to as the city persons cancer. Least common but most dangerous type of skin cancer. it is important for a nail technician to be able to recognize the appearance of serious skin disorders never attempt to diagnose or recommend treatment. Refer to dermatologist or other qualified medical professional.
66
The American Cancer Society recommends using the ABCDE cancer checklist
A for asymmetry B for border irregularity C for color D for diameter E for evolution
67
Infectious skin disorders
Herpes simplex, verruca, tinea manus, tinea pedis.
68
Tinea pedis definition SB
Athletes foot or ringworm of the feet the cause is fungal it thrives in dark moist places the skin will be itchy peeling may look dry or may have blisters containing colorless fluid this can appear in groups between the toes and along the bottom of the foot no services should be performed.
69
Herpes simplex definition
A highly contagious viral infection that causes blister like clusters typically found on the skin around the mouth nose or genital area there are several types of herpes simplex they are considered to be highly contagious when a person is exposed to them from skin to skin contact or sexual transmission. Caution should be taken before proceeding services on clients both technician and client should wash hands to prevent the spread of infection within the salon.
70
Verruca definition
The technical term for wart the hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis. Is caused by a virus and is infectious can spread from one location to another particularly along a scratch in the skin.
71
Tinea manus definition
Ringworm of the hand the cause is a fungal infection it appears as rings containing tiny blisters dark red to pinkish in color it is often confused with eczema or contact dermatitis it can spread to the nails scalp feet and body do not perform services and refer the client to a physician.
72
Dermatitis definition
Is a medical term for abnormal skin inflammation. Contact dermatitis - is the most common avoidable skin disease for nail technicians it is caused by continuous contact with irritating substances to the skin. When the skin is irritated by a substance it is called irritant contact dermatitis. Histamine- is an immune response to contact allergies and irritants it manifests in the skin by creating redness or a rash like appearance chemicals are released in the blood that enlarge the vessels around an injury or irritation so that blood can speed removal of any allergy causing substance. However prolonged exposure to certain ingredients can cause permanent allergic contact dermatitis.
73
How long does it take to show signs of contact dermatitis?
4 to 6 months
74
improper product consistency
most common reason for an allergy is improper product consistency. many technicians do not realize that the initiator a special ingredient found in the polymer powders is needed to start the chemical reaction that causes the onomer liquid to harden or polymerize
74
improper product consistency
most common reason for an allergy is improper product consistency. many technicians do not realize that the initiator a special ingredient found in the polymer powders is needed to start the chemical reaction that causes the onomer liquid to harden or polymerize
74
improper product consistency SB
most common reason for an allergy is improper product consistency. many technicians do not realize that the initiator a special ingredient found in the polymer powders is needed to start the chemical reaction that causes the monomer liquid to harden or polymerize
75
How many watts should a bulb be in a nail lamp? SB
9 watt bulbs. Example if a lamp unit has four lamps in it and each is 9 watts then it is called a 36 Watt lamp unit.
76
under curing UV or LED gel enhancements
A third problem that can cause allergic or irritant skin and nail reactions is under curing the gel enhancements. Mixing product lines or custom blending your own special mixture can also create chemical imbalances which lead to allergic reactions.

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