Chapter 3 Secondary Terms Flashcards
1
Q
ossification
A
the process of fragile membranes and cartilage turning to bone
2
Q
periosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
3
Q
compact bone
A
cortical bone; dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
4
Q
spongy bone
A
cancellous bone; porous, making it lighter and weaker than compact bone
5
Q
medullary cavity
A
central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone
6
Q
endosteum
A
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
7
Q
red bone marrow
A
located within spongy bone; hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
8
Q
hemopoietic
A
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
9
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
functions as fat storage area. located within the medullary cavity of long bones
10
Q
cartilage
A
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
11
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints
12
Q
meniscus
A
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints
13
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of a long bone
14
Q
epiphyses
A
the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs
15
Q
foramen
A
opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
16
Q
process
A
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
17
Q
mastoid process
A
bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears
18
Q
joints
A
articulations; place of union between two or more bones
19
Q
fibrous joints
A
hold the bone tightly together; consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue
20
Q
fontanelles
A
soft spots; normally present on skull of newborn, allow for passage through the birth canal
21
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
22
Q
pubic symphysis
A
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
23
Q
synovial joints
A
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
24
Q
ball-and-socket-joints
A
hips and shoulders; allow a wide range of movement in many directions
25
hinge joints
knees and elbows; allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
26
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
27
synovial fluid
flows within synovial cavity, acts as lubricant to make the smooth movement of joints possible
28
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
29
how many bones in adult skeleton?
206
30
axial skeleton
protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems, consists of 80 bones
31
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, consists of 126 bones
32
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
33
parietal bones
two of the largest bones, together form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
34
occipital bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
35
temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium
36
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
37
sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
38
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
39
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in each middle ear
40
nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
41
zygomatic bones
cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
42
maxillary bones
form most of the upper jaw
43
palatine bones
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
44
lacrimal bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
45
inferior conchae
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
46
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
47
mandible
jawbone; only movable bone of the skull
48
thoracic cavity
rib cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
49
true ribs
first 7 pairs; attach anteriorly to the sternum
50
false ribs
next 3 pairs; attach anteriorly to the cartilage that connects them to the sternum
51
floating ribs
last 2 pairs; only attach posteriorly to the vertebrae
52
sternum
breast bone; flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
53
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
54
gladiolus
body of the sternum; bony structure that forms the middle portion
55
xiphoid process
structure made of cartilage that forms lower portion of sternum
56
pectoral girdle
supports the arms and hands
57
clavicle
collar bone; slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
58
scapula
shoulder blade
59
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
60
humerus
bone of the upper arm
61
radius
smaller and shorter bone in the forearm
62
ulna
large and longer bone of the forearm
63
olecranon process
funny bone; large projection on the upper end of the ulna
64
carpals
bones that form the wrist
65
metacarpals
five bones that form the palms
66
phalanges
14 bones of the fingers; bones of the toes
67
spinal column
vertebral column; protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
68
body of the vertebra
anterior portion of the vertebra
69
lamina
posterior portion of the vertebra
70
vertebral foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra allow the spinal cord to pass through
71
cervical vertebrae
first set of 7 vertebrae; form the neck
72
thoracic vertebrae
second set of 12 vertebrae; T1-T12; has a set of ribs that attach to each pair
73
lumbar vertebrae
third set of 5 vertebrae; L1-L5; form the inward curve of the lower spine
74
sacrum
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near base of spine that forms lower portion of back
75
coccyx
tailbone; forms the end of the spine, made up of 4 small vertebrae fused together
76
pelvis
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
77
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bones
78
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
79
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears weight of body when sitting
80
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below the bladder
81
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites left and right pubic bones
82
acetabulum
hip socket; large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form hip joint
83
femur
largest bones in the body; thigh bones
84
head of femur
articulates with the acetabulum
85
femoral neck
narrow area just below the head of the femur
86
patella
kneecap; bony anterior portion of the knee
87
popliteal
posterior space behind knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to joint are located
88
cruciate ligaments
make possible movements of the knee
89
tibia
shinbone; large anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg
90
fibula
smaller of two bones in lower leg
91
tarsal
7 short bones that make up the ankle
92
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
93
talus
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
94
calcaneus
heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones
95
metatarsals
bones that form part of foot to which the toes are attached
96
phalanges
bones of the toes
97
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
98
adhesive capsulitis
frozen shoulder; painful ankylosis of the shoulder
99
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of joints, especially in elderly
100
Baker's cyst
popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee
101
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
102
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
103
costochondritis
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
104
hallux valgus
bunion; abnormal enlargement of the joint at base of great toe
105
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
106
polymyalgia rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs
107
sprain
occurs when a ligament connecting bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
108
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of affected joint
109
dislocation
luxation; total displacement of bone from joint
110
subluxation
partial displacement of bone from its joint
111
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
112
osteoarthritis
wear-and-tear arthritis; commonly associated with aging
113
spondylosis
spinal osteoarthritis; degenerative disorder that can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function
114
gout
gouty arthritis; characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in joints
115
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints and organs are attacked
116
ankylosing spondylitis
form of RA primarily causing inflammation of joints between vertebrae
117
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder effecting children ages 16 or younger, characterized by stiffness, joint swelling, pain, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
118
herniated disk
slipped or ruptured disk; breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in pressure on spinal nerve roots
119
lumbago
low back pain; pain of the lumbar region
120
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
121
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from side
122
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
123
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
124
avascular necrosis
osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
125
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
126
osteitis
ostiitis; inflammation of a bone
127
osteomalacia
adult rickets; abnormal softening of bones in adults
128
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
129
Paget's disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine, and legs
130
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum
131
rickets
deficiency disease in children characterized by defective gone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D
132
short stature
dwarfism; condition resulting from failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to size of the head and trunk
133
talipes
clubfoot; any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
134
primary bone cancer
rare malignant tumor that originates in the bone
135
secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs
136
myeloma
type of cancer occurring in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow
137
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
138
osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density
139
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density, increase in bone porosity
140
compression fracture
vertebral crush fracture; when bone is pressed together on itself
141
Colles' fracture
named for Abraham Colles, fractured wirst
142
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip; caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis
143
closed fracture
simple fracture, complete fracture; when one is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
144
comminuted fracture
when bone is splintered or crushed
145
greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture; when bone is bent and only partially broken
146
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
147
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
148
spiral fracture
when bone is twisted apart
149
stress fracture
overuse injury, small crack in bone
150
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
151
fat embolus
when long bone is fractured, fat cells from yellow bone marrow can be released into the blood
152
crepitation
crepitus; the grating sound heard when two broken bones move together
153
callus
bulging deposit around the area of break
154
radiograph
x-ray, use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
155
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
156
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in blood test
157
bone marrow aspiration
use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow
158
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
159
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test where sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone
160
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
161
allogenic bone marrow transplant
healthy bone marrow cells from donor are used
162
autologous bone marrow transplant
patients own treated bone marrow cells are used
163
orthotic
mechanical appliance, such as shoe insert, leg brace, or splint, used to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
164
prosthesis
substitute for diseased or missing body part
165
total knee replacement
all of the parts of the knee were replaced
166
partial knee replacement
only part of the knee is replaced
167
total hip replacement
total hip arthroplasty; performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
168
hip resurfacing
alternative to removing the head of the femur
169
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
170
percutaneous diskectomy
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
171
percutaneous vertebroplasty
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
172
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
173
spinal fusion
technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
174
closed reduction
manipulation; attempted realignment of bone involved in fracture or dislocation
175
immobilization
stabilization; act of holding, suturing, or fastening bone in a fixed position with strapping or cast
176
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return to normal alignment
177
external fixation
treatment in which pins are placed through soft tissue and bone so external appliance can be use to hold pieces of bone firmly in place for healing
178
internal fixation
open reduction internal fixation; plate or pins placed directly into bold to hold broken pieces in place
