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Medical Terminology Lock Haven > Chapter 3 Secondary Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Secondary Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ossification

A

the process of fragile membranes and cartilage turning to bone

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2
Q

periosteum

A

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

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3
Q

compact bone

A

cortical bone; dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

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4
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous bone; porous, making it lighter and weaker than compact bone

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5
Q

medullary cavity

A

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone

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6
Q

endosteum

A

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

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7
Q

red bone marrow

A

located within spongy bone; hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

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8
Q

hemopoietic

A

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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9
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

functions as fat storage area. located within the medullary cavity of long bones

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10
Q

cartilage

A

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

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11
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints

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12
Q

meniscus

A

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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14
Q

epiphyses

A

the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs

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15
Q

foramen

A

opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

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16
Q

process

A

normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

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17
Q

mastoid process

A

bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears

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18
Q

joints

A

articulations; place of union between two or more bones

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19
Q

fibrous joints

A

hold the bone tightly together; consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue

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20
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots; normally present on skull of newborn, allow for passage through the birth canal

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21
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

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22
Q

pubic symphysis

A

allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

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23
Q

synovial joints

A

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

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24
Q

ball-and-socket-joints

A

hips and shoulders; allow a wide range of movement in many directions

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25
Q

hinge joints

A

knees and elbows; allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

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26
Q

synovial capsule

A

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

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27
Q

synovial fluid

A

flows within synovial cavity, acts as lubricant to make the smooth movement of joints possible

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28
Q

bursa

A

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

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29
Q

how many bones in adult skeleton?

A

206

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30
Q

axial skeleton

A

protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems, consists of 80 bones

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31
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, consists of 126 bones

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32
Q

frontal bone

A

anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

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33
Q

parietal bones

A

two of the largest bones, together form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

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34
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

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35
Q

temporal bones

A

form the sides and base of the cranium

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36
Q

external auditory meatus

A

opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

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37
Q

sphenoid bone

A

irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull

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38
Q

ethmoid bone

A

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose

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39
Q

auditory ossicles

A

three tiny bones located in each middle ear

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40
Q

nasal bones

A

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

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41
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead

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42
Q

maxillary bones

A

form most of the upper jaw

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43
Q

palatine bones

A

form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose

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44
Q

lacrimal bones

A

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle

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45
Q

inferior conchae

A

thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

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46
Q

vomer bone

A

forms the base for the nasal septum

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47
Q

mandible

A

jawbone; only movable bone of the skull

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48
Q

thoracic cavity

A

rib cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

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49
Q

true ribs

A

first 7 pairs; attach anteriorly to the sternum

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50
Q

false ribs

A

next 3 pairs; attach anteriorly to the cartilage that connects them to the sternum

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51
Q

floating ribs

A

last 2 pairs; only attach posteriorly to the vertebrae

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52
Q

sternum

A

breast bone; flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

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53
Q

manubrium

A

bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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54
Q

gladiolus

A

body of the sternum; bony structure that forms the middle portion

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55
Q

xiphoid process

A

structure made of cartilage that forms lower portion of sternum

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56
Q

pectoral girdle

A

supports the arms and hands

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57
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone; slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

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58
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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59
Q

acromion

A

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

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60
Q

humerus

A

bone of the upper arm

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61
Q

radius

A

smaller and shorter bone in the forearm

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62
Q

ulna

A

large and longer bone of the forearm

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63
Q

olecranon process

A

funny bone; large projection on the upper end of the ulna

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64
Q

carpals

A

bones that form the wrist

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65
Q

metacarpals

A

five bones that form the palms

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66
Q

phalanges

A

14 bones of the fingers; bones of the toes

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67
Q

spinal column

A

vertebral column; protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

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68
Q

body of the vertebra

A

anterior portion of the vertebra

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69
Q

lamina

A

posterior portion of the vertebra

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70
Q

vertebral foramen

A

opening in the middle of the vertebra allow the spinal cord to pass through

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71
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

first set of 7 vertebrae; form the neck

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72
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

second set of 12 vertebrae; T1-T12; has a set of ribs that attach to each pair

73
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

third set of 5 vertebrae; L1-L5; form the inward curve of the lower spine

74
Q

sacrum

A

slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near base of spine that forms lower portion of back

75
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone; forms the end of the spine, made up of 4 small vertebrae fused together

76
Q

pelvis

A

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

77
Q

ilium

A

broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bones

78
Q

sacroiliac

A

slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

79
Q

ischium

A

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears weight of body when sitting

80
Q

pubis

A

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below the bladder

81
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint that unites left and right pubic bones

82
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket; large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form hip joint

83
Q

femur

A

largest bones in the body; thigh bones

84
Q

head of femur

A

articulates with the acetabulum

85
Q

femoral neck

A

narrow area just below the head of the femur

86
Q

patella

A

kneecap; bony anterior portion of the knee

87
Q

popliteal

A

posterior space behind knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to joint are located

88
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

make possible movements of the knee

89
Q

tibia

A

shinbone; large anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg

90
Q

fibula

A

smaller of two bones in lower leg

91
Q

tarsal

A

7 short bones that make up the ankle

92
Q

malleolus

A

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

93
Q

talus

A

ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

94
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones

95
Q

metatarsals

A

bones that form part of foot to which the toes are attached

96
Q

phalanges

A

bones of the toes

97
Q

ankylosis

A

loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure

98
Q

adhesive capsulitis

A

frozen shoulder; painful ankylosis of the shoulder

99
Q

arthrosclerosis

A

stiffness of joints, especially in elderly

100
Q

Baker’s cyst

A

popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee

101
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

102
Q

chondromalacia

A

abnormal softening of cartilage

103
Q

costochondritis

A

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

104
Q

hallux valgus

A

bunion; abnormal enlargement of the joint at base of great toe

105
Q

hemarthrosis

A

blood within a joint

106
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs

107
Q

sprain

A

occurs when a ligament connecting bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

108
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of affected joint

109
Q

dislocation

A

luxation; total displacement of bone from joint

110
Q

subluxation

A

partial displacement of bone from its joint

111
Q

arthritis

A

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

112
Q

osteoarthritis

A

wear-and-tear arthritis; commonly associated with aging

113
Q

spondylosis

A

spinal osteoarthritis; degenerative disorder that can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function

114
Q

gout

A

gouty arthritis; characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in joints

115
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints and organs are attacked

116
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of RA primarily causing inflammation of joints between vertebrae

117
Q

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder effecting children ages 16 or younger, characterized by stiffness, joint swelling, pain, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

118
Q

herniated disk

A

slipped or ruptured disk; breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in pressure on spinal nerve roots

119
Q

lumbago

A

low back pain; pain of the lumbar region

120
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

121
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from side

122
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

123
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

124
Q

avascular necrosis

A

osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

125
Q

craniostenosis

A

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

126
Q

osteitis

A

ostiitis; inflammation of a bone

127
Q

osteomalacia

A

adult rickets; abnormal softening of bones in adults

128
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

129
Q

Paget’s disease

A

chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine, and legs

130
Q

periostitis

A

inflammation of the periosteum

131
Q

rickets

A

deficiency disease in children characterized by defective gone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D

132
Q

short stature

A

dwarfism; condition resulting from failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to size of the head and trunk

133
Q

talipes

A

clubfoot; any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)

134
Q

primary bone cancer

A

rare malignant tumor that originates in the bone

135
Q

secondary bone cancer

A

tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs

136
Q

myeloma

A

type of cancer occurring in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow

137
Q

osteochondroma

A

benign bony projection covered with cartilage

138
Q

osteopenia

A

thinner-than-average bone density

139
Q

osteoporosis

A

marked loss of bone density, increase in bone porosity

140
Q

compression fracture

A

vertebral crush fracture; when bone is pressed together on itself

141
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

named for Abraham Colles, fractured wirst

142
Q

osteoporotic hip fracture

A

broken hip; caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis

143
Q

closed fracture

A

simple fracture, complete fracture; when one is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

144
Q

comminuted fracture

A

when bone is splintered or crushed

145
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture; when bone is bent and only partially broken

146
Q

oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle across the bone

147
Q

pathologic fracture

A

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

148
Q

spiral fracture

A

when bone is twisted apart

149
Q

stress fracture

A

overuse injury, small crack in bone

150
Q

transverse fracture

A

occurs straight across the bone

151
Q

fat embolus

A

when long bone is fractured, fat cells from yellow bone marrow can be released into the blood

152
Q

crepitation

A

crepitus; the grating sound heard when two broken bones move together

153
Q

callus

A

bulging deposit around the area of break

154
Q

radiograph

A

x-ray, use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

155
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

156
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in blood test

157
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow

158
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

159
Q

ultrasonic bone density testing

A

screening test where sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone

160
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

161
Q

allogenic bone marrow transplant

A

healthy bone marrow cells from donor are used

162
Q

autologous bone marrow transplant

A

patients own treated bone marrow cells are used

163
Q

orthotic

A

mechanical appliance, such as shoe insert, leg brace, or splint, used to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

164
Q

prosthesis

A

substitute for diseased or missing body part

165
Q

total knee replacement

A

all of the parts of the knee were replaced

166
Q

partial knee replacement

A

only part of the knee is replaced

167
Q

total hip replacement

A

total hip arthroplasty; performed to restore a damaged hip to full function

168
Q

hip resurfacing

A

alternative to removing the head of the femur

169
Q

revision surgery

A

replacement of a worn or failed implant

170
Q

percutaneous diskectomy

A

performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk

171
Q

percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

172
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

173
Q

spinal fusion

A

technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

174
Q

closed reduction

A

manipulation; attempted realignment of bone involved in fracture or dislocation

175
Q

immobilization

A

stabilization; act of holding, suturing, or fastening bone in a fixed position with strapping or cast

176
Q

traction

A

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return to normal alignment

177
Q

external fixation

A

treatment in which pins are placed through soft tissue and bone so external appliance can be use to hold pieces of bone firmly in place for healing

178
Q

internal fixation

A

open reduction internal fixation; plate or pins placed directly into bold to hold broken pieces in place

Medical Terminology Lock Haven (13 decks)

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