Chapter 2 Secondary Terms Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of structures of the body
2
Q
physiology
A
study of the functions of structures of the body
3
Q
anatomic position
A
standing up straight so body is erect, facing forward, holding arms at sides with hands facing toward the front
4
Q
body planes
A
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
5
Q
sagittal plane
A
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
6
Q
midsagittal plane
A
vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right portions
7
Q
frontal plane
A
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
8
Q
transverse plane
A
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
9
Q
ventral
A
front or belly side of the body or an organ
10
Q
dorsal
A
back of the body or an organ
11
Q
anterior
A
situated int he front
12
Q
posterior
A
situated in the back
13
Q
superior
A
uppermost, above, toward the head
14
Q
inferior
A
lowermost, below, toward the feet
15
Q
cephalic
A
toward the head
16
Q
caudal
A
toward the lower part of the body
17
Q
proximal
A
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
18
Q
distal
A
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
19
Q
medial
A
direction toward, or nearer, the midline
20
Q
lateral
A
direction away from the midline
21
Q
cranial cavity
A
surrounds and protects the brain
22
Q
spinal cavity
A
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
23
Q
thoracic cavity
A
surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
24
Q
abdominal cavity
A
contains the major organs of digestion
25
pelvic cavity
formed by hip bones, contains organs of reproductive and excretory systems
26
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic cavities
27
hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs
28
epigastric region
located above the stomach
29
lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
30
umbilical region
located at the belly button
31
iliac regions
located near the hip bones
32
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
33
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum, lines the interior of the abdominal wall
34
mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
35
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
36
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
37
structures of the body
cells, tissues, organs, body systems
38
cytology
study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
39
cytologist
specialist in the study and analysis of cells
40
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
41
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
42
nucleus
structure within the cell that controls activities of the cell and helps it divide
43
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time
44
adult stem cells
somatic stem cells; undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
45
hemopoeitic
blood forming
46
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells unlike any specific adult cell; have the ability to form any adult cell
47
gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
48
genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to children
49
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
50
chromosome
genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
51
gamete
sex cell
52
dna
deoxyribonucleic acid
53
somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body
54
gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete
55
genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
56
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder present at birth affecting the respiratory and digestive systems
57
down syndrome
genetic variation associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
58
hemophilia
group of hereditary bleeding disorders where a blood-clotting factor is missing
59
Huntington's disease
genetic disorder passed from parent to child. causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear in midlife
60
muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
61
phenylketonuria
rare genetic disorder in which essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
62
tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform specific functions
63
epithelial tissue
forms protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
64
epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes
65
endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
66
connective tissue
supports and connects organs and other body tissues
67
dense connective tissue
ie bone and cartilage; form the joints and framework of the body
68
adipose tissue
fat; provides protective padding, insulation, and support
69
loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports nerve and blood cells
70
liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph; transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
71
muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
72
nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
73
aplasia
defective development, congenital absence of an organ or tissue
74
hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue
75
anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
76
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
77
hyperplasia
enlargement of an organ or tissue because of abnormal increase in number of cells
78
hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of body parts or organs due to an increase in the size of cells
79
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells capable of producing secretions
80
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead to organs or out of the body
81
endocrine glands
produce hormones that secrete directly into the bloodstream to be transported to organs or structures of the body
82
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
83
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
84
adenoma
benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
85
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
86
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
87
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
88
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
89
pathology
study of disease
90
pathologist
physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
91
etiology
study of the causes of diseases
92
communicable disease
contagious disease; any condition transmitted from one person to another
93
indirect contact transmission
situations which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
94
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids
95
droplet transmission
spread of disease such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing
96
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with germs floating through the air
97
food-borne/waterborne transmission
fecal-oral transmission; caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated
98
vector-borne transmission
spread due to the bite of a vector
99
endemic
ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
100
epidemic
sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within a specific population group or area
101
pandemic
outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
102
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological cause can be identified
103
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
104
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
105
infectious disease
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
106
nosocomial infection
disease acquired within a hospital or clinical setting
107
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body; ie chickenpox
108
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
109
developmental disorder
birth defect; can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or extra toe
110
prenatal influences
mother's health, behavior, and prenatal medical care she receives
111
premature birth
birth occurring earlier than 37 weeks
112
birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before birth
113
postmortem
after death
