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Medical Terminology Lock Haven > Chapter 2 Secondary Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Secondary Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structures of the body

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the functions of structures of the body

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3
Q

anatomic position

A

standing up straight so body is erect, facing forward, holding arms at sides with hands facing toward the front

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4
Q

body planes

A

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

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5
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

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6
Q

midsagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right portions

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7
Q

frontal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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8
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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9
Q

ventral

A

front or belly side of the body or an organ

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10
Q

dorsal

A

back of the body or an organ

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11
Q

anterior

A

situated int he front

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12
Q

posterior

A

situated in the back

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13
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above, toward the head

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14
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, toward the feet

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15
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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16
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body

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17
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

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18
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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19
Q

medial

A

direction toward, or nearer, the midline

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20
Q

lateral

A

direction away from the midline

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21
Q

cranial cavity

A

surrounds and protects the brain

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22
Q

spinal cavity

A

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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23
Q

thoracic cavity

A

surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

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24
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the major organs of digestion

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25
Q

pelvic cavity

A

formed by hip bones, contains organs of reproductive and excretory systems

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26
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal and pelvic cavities

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27
Q

hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs

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28
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

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29
Q

lumbar regions

A

located near the inward curve of the spine

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30
Q

umbilical region

A

located at the belly button

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31
Q

iliac regions

A

located near the hip bones

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32
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach

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33
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer of the peritoneum, lines the interior of the abdominal wall

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34
Q

mesentery

A

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

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35
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

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36
Q

retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum

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37
Q

structures of the body

A

cells, tissues, organs, body systems

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38
Q

cytology

A

study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

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39
Q

cytologist

A

specialist in the study and analysis of cells

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40
Q

cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

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41
Q

cytoplasm

A

material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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42
Q

nucleus

A

structure within the cell that controls activities of the cell and helps it divide

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43
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time

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44
Q

adult stem cells

A

somatic stem cells; undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

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45
Q

hemopoeitic

A

blood forming

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46
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells unlike any specific adult cell; have the ability to form any adult cell

47
Q

gene

A

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

48
Q

genetics

A

study of how genes are transferred from parents to children

49
Q

genome

A

complete set of genetic information of an organism

50
Q

chromosome

A

genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

51
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

52
Q

dna

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

53
Q

somatic cell mutation

A

change within the cells of the body

54
Q

gametic cell mutation

A

change within the genes in a gamete

55
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

56
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder present at birth affecting the respiratory and digestive systems

57
Q

down syndrome

A

genetic variation associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

58
Q

hemophilia

A

group of hereditary bleeding disorders where a blood-clotting factor is missing

59
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

genetic disorder passed from parent to child. causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear in midlife

60
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

61
Q

phenylketonuria

A

rare genetic disorder in which essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

62
Q

tissue

A

group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform specific functions

63
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

64
Q

epithelium

A

specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes

65
Q

endothelium

A

specialized epithelial tissue that lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

66
Q

connective tissue

A

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

67
Q

dense connective tissue

A

ie bone and cartilage; form the joints and framework of the body

68
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat; provides protective padding, insulation, and support

69
Q

loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports nerve and blood cells

70
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph; transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

71
Q

muscle tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

72
Q

nerve tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

73
Q

aplasia

A

defective development, congenital absence of an organ or tissue

74
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

75
Q

anaplasia

A

change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

76
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

77
Q

hyperplasia

A

enlargement of an organ or tissue because of abnormal increase in number of cells

78
Q

hypertrophy

A

general increase in the bulk of body parts or organs due to an increase in the size of cells

79
Q

gland

A

group of specialized epithelial cells capable of producing secretions

80
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead to organs or out of the body

81
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones that secrete directly into the bloodstream to be transported to organs or structures of the body

82
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

83
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

84
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

85
Q

adenomalacia

A

abnormal softening of a gland

86
Q

adenosis

A

any disease or condition of a gland

87
Q

adenosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of a gland

88
Q

adenectomy

A

surgical removal of a gland

89
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

90
Q

pathologist

A

physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

91
Q

etiology

A

study of the causes of diseases

92
Q

communicable disease

A

contagious disease; any condition transmitted from one person to another

93
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

situations which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

94
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

spread of disease through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

95
Q

droplet transmission

A

spread of disease such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing

96
Q

airborne transmission

A

occurs through contact with germs floating through the air

97
Q

food-borne/waterborne transmission

A

fecal-oral transmission; caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated

98
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

spread due to the bite of a vector

99
Q

endemic

A

ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

100
Q

epidemic

A

sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within a specific population group or area

101
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

102
Q

functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological cause can be identified

103
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

104
Q

idiopathic disorder

A

illness without known cause

105
Q

infectious disease

A

illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

106
Q

nosocomial infection

A

disease acquired within a hospital or clinical setting

107
Q

organic disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body; ie chickenpox

108
Q

congenital disorder

A

abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

109
Q

developmental disorder

A

birth defect; can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or extra toe

110
Q

prenatal influences

A

mother’s health, behavior, and prenatal medical care she receives

111
Q

premature birth

A

birth occurring earlier than 37 weeks

112
Q

birth injuries

A

congenital disorders that were not present before birth

113
Q

postmortem

A

after death

Medical Terminology Lock Haven (13 decks)

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