Chapter 3 -Respiration

Question 1

external respiration

Answer 1

• breathing
• it is the exchange of gases between the respiratory surface and its environment

Question 2

internal respiration

Answer 2

• cellular respiration
• biochemical process in which energy is produced

Question 3

cellular respiration

Answer 3

• process of transforming chemical energy into form usable by the cell/organism
• aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Question 4

aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Answer 4

• glucose is oxidised in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and energy
• reaction catalyzed by enzymes
• releases all available energy stored in glucose molecule
• most of the energy is used to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and the rest is lost as heat

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

• adenosine triphosphate
• ADP + P + energy ( 1 adenine, 1 sugar, 2 phosphate) forms energy
• when energy is required, each atp molecule can be broken down to release energy

Question 6

anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + energy

Answer 6

• little oxygen or no oxygen
• yeast and muscle cells respire anaerobically for a short time
• fermentation occurs -> not efficient, results in fewer ATP than aerobic respiration

Question 7

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 7

• occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise
• muscle cells depleted of oxygen -> aerobic to anaerobic
• glucose is broken down into lactic acid and little energy is produced
• built up lactic acid causes a burning, painful sensation
• replaces aerobic respiration so that there will be a continuous supply of energy, even in the absence of O2.

Question 8

aerobic vs anaerobic

Answer 8

• oxygen present vs oxygen absent
• complete glucose oxidation vs incomplete glucose oxidation
• CO2, water energy vs lactic acid (or ethanol +CO2 (ethanol fermentation)) + energy
• 38 atp released vs 2 atp released
• mitochondria vs cytoplasm
• occurs in most living cells vs in lower organisms (bacteria, yeast) and vertebrate muscles

Question 9

respiratory system

Answer 9

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus/bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 10

nasal cavity

Answer 10

• air is warmed by body temp and is humidified
• particulates in air removed in nasal passages -> protective mechanisms to prevent damage to trachea and lungs

Question 11

trachea

Answer 11

consists of 16-20 C shaped cartilage to provide support to keep the passage open
- divides into right and left primary bronchi

Question 12

bronchi

Answer 12

• lined with cilia -> small hair lie projections which more mucus and particles in bronchi and bronchioles back up to throat

Question 13

lungs

Answer 13

• rest on diaphragm’
• right lung 3 lobes
• left lung 2 lobes

Question 14

alveoli

Answer 14

• gas exchange occurs
• surrounded by capillaries -> efficient transfer of substances
• 300 million -> increase surface are to volume ratio

Question 15

diaphragm

Answer 15

skeletal muscles that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities