Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > Chapter 1 - Homeostasis and Excretion > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Homeostasis and Excretion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

integumentary system function

A

hair, skin, nails
- forms external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- helps regulate body temp
- location of cutaneous (related to skin) nerve receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

skeletal system function

A

cartilages
- protects and supports body organs
- provide muscle attachment for movement
- sit of blood cell formation -> bone marrow
- stores minerals (in bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

muscular system function

A
  • produces movement
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nervous system function

A

brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves
- fast-acting control system
- responds to internal and external change
- activates muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endocrine system function

A
  • secretes regulatory hormones for:
    -> growth
    -> reproduction
    -> metabolism
    e.g. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cardiovascular system function

A

heart, blood vessels
- transports materials in body via blood by heart (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lymphatic system function

A

thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
- returns plasma to blood vessels
- cleanses the blood -> contains lymphocytes; gets rid of cellular debris
- involved in immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are lymph capillaries?

A
  • fills interstitial spaces between cells
  • carries tissue fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiratory system function

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

digestive system function

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
- breaks down food
- allows for nutrient absorption into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

urinary system function

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes - uric acid, ammonia
- maintains acid-base balance - maintains pH level in body
- regulates water and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reproductive system function

A

woman: mammary glands (breast), uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
man: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, vas deferens, scrotum
- produces offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is homeostasis imbalance

A

a disturbance in homeostasis causing diseases (not all the time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conditions for an organism to be in homeostasis

A
  • optimal conc. of gases, nutrients, ions and water
  • at optimal temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the control system made of?

A
  1. sensory receptors
  2. control centre
  3. effector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of sensory receptors

A

thermoreceptors
- responds to stimulus
- sends information to control centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of control center

A

brain
- determines set point
- analyzes information
- determines appropriate response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of effector

A

sweat glands
- receives information from control centre
- provides reponse

20
Q

systems that maintain homeostasis

A

nervous and endocrine (hormonal)

21
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a response that is negative/against original stimulus. it shuts off original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

22
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

contraction of blood vessels (become smaller), reduces warm blood flowing near surfaces

23
Q

what is vasodilation

A

blood vessels dilate (become wider), allows more blood flow

24
Q

what happens during heat stress

A
  • thermoreceptors detect an increase of body temp
  • hypothalamus signals to sweat glands and blood vessels
  • sweating is initiated and vasodilation is carried out
  • heat from the blood is lost to the skin so blood can return to core of the body and cool internal organs
25
Q

what happens during cold stress

A
  • thermoreceptors detect a fall in temperature
  • hypothalamus receives signal and send signals to blood vessels, smooth muscles surrounding hair follicles and skeletal muscles
  • vasoconstriction is carried out, hair “stands” trapping warm air and shivering is activated
  • increase of metabolic rate to produce heat
  • less heat is lost
26
Q

function of insulin

A
  • produced by beta cell of islets
  • target organs: liver, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue (body fat)
  • decrease blood glucose levels
  • some extra glucose stored as glycogen
  • the rest of the glucose is moved into cells for use in cellular respiration
27
Q

function of glucagon

A
  • produced by alpha cells of islets
  • target organs: liver
  • increase blood glucose level
    glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
28
Q

what is diabetes

A

metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) due to an absolute or relative lack or insulin or to a cellular resistance to insulin

29
Q

difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes

A

type 1: insulin dependent; not able to produce insulin
type 2: insulin resistant

30
Q

what is urea

A
  • waste product made when liver breaks down proteins that the body doesnt need
  • contains nitrogen
31
Q

components of urinary system

A
  • 2 kidneys (left and right)
  • 2 ureters
  • 1 urinary bladder
  • 1 urethra
32
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of kidneys

33
Q

components of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle, bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

34
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

35
Q

what is bowman’s capsule

A
  • enlarged end of nephron
  • opens into proximal tubule
36
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a global cluster of capillaries

37
Q

what is the proximal tubule

A
  • where filtrate passes
    filtrate: after waste is filtered, useful substances will be absorbed back, whatever left is urine
38
Q

what is the loop of Henle

A
  • contains descending and ascending loops
  • water and solutes pass through thin walls by diffusion
39
Q

what is the distal tubule

A

structure between loop of Henle and collecting ducts

40
Q

what are the collecting ducts

A
  • empties into calyces
  • carry fluid from cortex through medulla
41
Q

steps in urine formation

A
  1. ultrafiltration/glomerulus filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
42
Q

what happens during ultrafiltration (urine formation)

A
  • water and solutes (glucose, ions, etc) are filtered into the Bowman’s capsule to form the filtrate
43
Q

what happens during reabsorption (urine formation)

A
  • useful nutrients (glucose, amino acids, water, etc) are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries
44
Q

what happens during tubular secretion (urine formation)

A

substances not needed (hydrogen ions, drugs, etc) are secreted directly into tubules from the capillaries

45
Q

what is ADH (antidiuretic hormone mechanism)

A
  • ADH is released when conc. of solutes in plasma increases/blood pressure increases
  • they act on kidneys, absorb more water (less urine volume)
  • result: maintain blood volume and blood pressure
  • diuresis: production of urine
46
Q

how is ADH used/activated

A
  • high blood osmotic pressure (water out of cell>water into cell) stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  • osmoreceptors activate neurosecretory cells that synthesize and release ADH
  • ADH is released into bloodstream (more water, less urine)

opposite:
- low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors
- reduction/stop of ADH secretion (less water, more urine)

47
Q

what tissues does ADH target

A
  1. kidneys - retain more water, less urine output
  2. sweat glands - less water lost by perspiration from the skin
  3. arterioles - constrict, increasing blood pressure

bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions