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bio > Chapter 2 - Transport in Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Transport in Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up the cardiovascular system

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels
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2
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do

A

it is a transport system
- delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells
- removes carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells

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3
Q

characteristics of blood

A
  • heavier and thicker than water
  • O2 content determines colour (less O2, darker)
  • males (5-6L), females (4-5)
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4
Q

components of blood

A
  • plasma 55% volume
  • formed elements/cells 45%
    -> rbc, wbc, platelets
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5
Q

what is the plasma

A
  • pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells
  • 91% water, 7% proteins, 2% other
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6
Q

what are the plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

what is albumin

A
  • 58% plasma protein
  • helps maintain water balance
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8
Q

what is globulins

A
  • 38% of plasma proteins
  • helps immune system
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9
Q

what is fibrinogen

A
  • 4% of plasma proteins
  • aids in clot formation
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10
Q

what are erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells
  • disk shaped with thick edges
  • transports O2 to tissues
  • produced in bone marrow
  • lose nuclei and mitochondria -> more space for hemoglobin (iron-containing protein that transports O2)
  • lasts 3-4 months -> filtered out by liver; ard 3 million rbc destroyed each second
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11
Q

what is hemoglobin

A
  • main component of erythrocytes
  • transports O2
  • each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule
  • each heme contains one iron atom
  • O2 bind to iron -> oxyhemoglobin
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12
Q

what are leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells
  • lack hemoglobin
  • larger than erythrocytes
  • contains a nucleus
  • fight infections
  • remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis
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13
Q

what are the types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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14
Q

what are neutrophils

A
  • 40-60% of wbc
  • defend against bacterial or fungal infection
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15
Q

what are eosinophils

A
  • deal with parasitic infections
  • predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reaction
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16
Q

what are basophils

A
  • short-term inflammatory response
  • release histamine
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17
Q

what are monocytes

A
  • large leukocytes
  • differentiate into macrophages
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18
Q

what are lymphocytes

A
  • immune response
  • several different types (T and B cells -> produce antibodies)
  • lead to the production of antibodies
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19
Q

what are platelets

A
  • involved in blood clotting
  • produced in red bone marrow
20
Q

what is the production of blood cells like

A
  • stem cells
    -> “parent” cells in bone marrow
    -> differentiate into many differentiate types of cells
21
Q

steps in blood clotting

A
  1. injury to a blood vessel causes release of prothrombin activator
  2. prothrombin activator acts upon prothrombin
  3. prothrombin is switched to its active form thrombin
  4. thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form fibrin
  5. fibrin forms a network that traps blood (clots)
22
Q

what is the circulatory system

A
  • supplies in fuels (sugars) -> digestive system
  • supplies in oxygen -> respiratory system
  • waste out (co2) -> respiratory system
  • need to pick up and deliver the supplies and wastes around the body -> circulatory system
23
Q

components of circulatory system

A
  1. organ
    - heart
  2. tissues and cells
    - blood -> rbc
    - blood vessels (vascular system) -> arteries, veins, capillaries
24
Q

function of circulatory system

A
  • regulates blood supply
  • generates blood pressure
  • routes blood
  • ensures 1 way blood flow (heart valves)
25
Q

characteristics of the heart

A
  • size of a fist, weighs less than 1lb
  • between lungs in thoracic cavity
  • apex (bottom) towards left side
  • 4 chambered (atria, ventricles)
26
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A
  • left and right atrium
  • left and right ventricles
27
Q

what is the coronary sulcus

A

separates atria from ventricles

28
Q

components of atria

A
  • upper portion
  • holding chambers
  • small, thin walled
  • contract minimally to push blood into ventricles

interatrial septum - separates right and left atrium

29
Q

components of ventricles

A
  • lower portion
  • pumping chambers
  • thick, strong walled
  • contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart

interventricular septum - separates right and left ventricles

30
Q

atrioventricular valves

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  1. tricuspid valve
    - AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle
    - 3 cusps
  2. bicuspid valve (mitral)
    - AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle
    - 2 cusps
31
Q

what is the chordae tendineae

A
  • attached to AV valve flaps
  • support valves
32
Q

semilunar valves

A
  1. pulmonary
    - base of pulmonary trunk
  2. aortic
    - base of aorta
33
Q

function of blood vessels

A
  • carry blood
  • exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues
  • transport substances
  • regulate blood pressure
  • direct blood flow to tissues

layer of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, venules, veins

34
Q

characteristics of arteries

A
  • blood flows away from heart
  • thicker walls -> provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood
  • elastic and stretchable -> maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes
35
Q

characteristics of veins

A
  • blood returns back to heart
  • thinner walls -> blood travels back to heart at low speed and pressure (lower pressure -> far from heart)
  • blood flows because muscles contract when we move -> squeezes blood through veins
  • veins in large veins -> in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to only flow toward heart
36
Q

characteristics of capillaries

A
  • very thin walls
  • allows exchange of materials across capillary
37
Q

function of capillary

A
  • exchange between blood and tissues (o2, co2, h20, food, waste)
  • blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincter valves
38
Q

capillary beds

A
  • only 5-10% of bodys capillaries have blood flowing through them at any time
  • supply varies as blood is needed:
    -> after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases
    -> during strenous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles
  • capillaries in brain, kidney, heart and liver usually filled to capacity
39
Q

flow of blood

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, heart

40
Q

advantage of 4-chambered heart

A
  • able to create more pressure to pump blood around the system
  • separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
  • caters for higher energy needs
    -> greater need for energy, fuel, O2, waste removal
41
Q

cardiac cycle

A

1 complete sequence of pumping
- heart contracts and pumps
- heart relaxes and chambers fill

systole = contraction phase
diastole = relaxation phase

42
Q

process of cardiac cycle

A
  • atria and ventricles are relaxed
  • blood flows into heart
  • atria contract simultaneously
  • tricuspid and bicuspid valve open
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
  • ventricles contract simultaneously
  • tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
  • semilunar vales open
  • blood flows from ventricles out of heart
43
Q

heart sounds

A

lub - when ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
dub - when the ventricles relax and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

44
Q

arterial system

A
  • carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
  • pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood
45
Q

venous system

A
  • carries oxygen poor blood toward the heart (except for pulmonary veins)
46
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right atrium , right ventricles, pulmonary artery trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, heart

47
Q

systemic circuit

A

left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, heart (right atrium)

bio (4 decks)

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