Chapter 3 - Psychological, Social & Emotional Development

Question 1

5 Environmental Factors and 1 Example

Answer 1

Emotional - attachment, close interpersonal relationships, comfort.

Sociocultural - values, beliefs, religion, social norms, culture, income.

Physical - exposure to pollutants, disease, extreme tempretures, nutrition, accidents/injuries.

Prenatal - mother’s nutrition while pregnant, alcohol/drug use, exposure to toxins.

Learning - sensory input and stimulation, play, quality of education.

Question 2

Define Psychological Development

Answer 2

behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes that happen from infancy to old age.

Question 3

Define Hereditary

Answer 3

the passing on of genes and genetic traits from parent to offspring.

Question 4

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Answer 4

An individual’s genotype is the combination of alleles that they possess for a specific gene.

An individual’s phenotype is the combination of their observable characteristics or traits.

Question 5

Identical and Fraternal Twins (Definitions and Genetic Material Percentages)

Answer 5

Identical - Fertilised by the same sperm and egg, share 100% of the same genetic material.

Fraternal - come from different eggs and sperm and share 50% of the same genetic material.

Question 6

Define Twin Studies

Answer 6

Compare behaviour of identical twins to fraternal twins to explore the effects of hereditary and environmental influences.

Question 7

Define Adoption Studies

Answer 7

Compare hereditary and environmental influences using a family with one adopted child and a biological child.

Question 8

Ethics - Participant Rights (6)

Answer 8

Confidentiality - Ensures the participants remain anonymous.

Informed Consent - Each participant freely agrees to participate in a study, with no pressure.

Voluntary Participation - Before a study begins participants agree to participate after they have recieved all the details of the study.

Withdrawal Rights - Participants are free to discontinue their involvement in a study with no penalty.

Deception - Withholding the true nature of the study from the participants.

Debriefing - Providing information to participants at the end of the study.

Question 9

Ethics - Additional Concepts (5)

Answer 9

Integrity - The commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, and the honest reporting.

Justice - Fair consideration of competing claims.

Respect - Consideration of the value of living things.

Beneficence - The commitment to maximising benefits and minimizing risks and harm.

Non-Maleficence - The avoidance of causing harm.

Question 10

What are the 3 Biopsychosocial Model Factors of a person and give 3 examples of each.

Answer 10

Biological Factors: Age, Medical Issues, Gender

Psychological Factors: Mental Health (Low Self Esteem), Emotional Health (Loner), Beliefs and expectations.

Social: Good Family Life, Friends, Low/Middle Class lifestyle.

Question 11

What is a protective factor? Give an example.

Answer 11

a factor that enhances the health of an individual.

Prevents or decreases the likelihood of developing atypically or having a mental disorder.

E.g. Healthy Relationships, good parenting

Question 12

What is a Risk Factor? Give an example.

Answer 12

a factor that has a negative effect on the health of an individual. Increases the chance of developing atypically or having a mental disorder.

E.g. Homelessness, Unemployment, Alcohol, Drug use, Stressful Life events, Family conflict or disorganisation, discrimination.

Question 13

Mental Health Disorder vs. Mental Health Issues

Answer 13

Mental Health Disorder
. Long lasting
. Diagnoseable against a set criterea
. Can lead to the 3 D’s (Distress, Dysfunction & Deviance)

Question 14

What is emotional development?

Answer 14

When you mature you learn what feelings and emotions are, when the occur, recognising them in self & others, and managing them.

Question 15

What is social development?

Answer 15

How people interact with others and navigate social situations.

Question 16

What is cognitive development?

Answer 16

How thinking changes and becomes more complex as our brain develops.

Question 17

Infancy - Old Age (Age Brackets)

Answer 17

Infancy (0-2)
Childhood (2 - puberty)
Adolesence (puberty - 18)
Adulthood (18-65)
Old Age (65+)

Question 18

What is attachment?

Answer 18

Attachment is the formation of a close, social and emotional bond between infants and their caregivers.

Attachment is a critical period in a human infant.

Question 19

what did Harry Harlow want to research? What did he test and what was the aim and outcomes?

Answer 19

Harlow wanted to research whether attachment was based on biological needs (i.e. hunger) or emotional (i.e. comfort).

He tested attachment in Rhesus Monkey’s by seperating them from their mothers at birth.

The aim was to investigate whether food or close contact where more important in the attachment of Rhesus Monkeys.

outcome: children become attached to caregivers that provide warmth and love

Question 20

Who was Jean Piaget and what was his theory?

Answer 20

Piaget was a Swiss Psychologist and he created the theory of the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development.

Question 21

Name the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development + the Age Brackets

Answer 21

Sensorimoto (0-2)
Pre-Operational (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)

Question 22

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage? (5)

Answer 22

• Babies explore the world
• Very Uncoordinated
• Start to develop mobility
• Realise they can grasp
  desired objects
• Learn to crawl, walk & begin to talk

Question 23

What are the Sensorimotor Key Accomplishments? (2)

Answer 23

Object Permanance
- Understand that if things cannot be seen, heard or touched, they can still exist.

E.g. Peek-A-Boo

Goal Directed Behaviour
- The ability to perform a series of tasks with a particular goal in mind.

E.g. A child want’s a toy from a toybox, the baby crawls over and gets the toy.

Question 24

What happens in the Pre Operational Stage? (4) (3)

Answer 24

• thinking is more sophisticated
• babies become children
• significant language development
• uses symbols, images and language to represent the world.
• EGOCENTRIC meaning that children are unable to view the world from someone elses perspective.

E.g. When a Pre-Operational child is asked what their father wants for his birthday, they may reply with ‘train’ or ‘doll’ as that is what they would assume everyone would want.

• ANIMISM meaning that children believe that their inanimate objects are alive and have feelings, intentions and emotions.
• CENTRATION meaning that children can only focus on one aspect of a task at a time.

E.g. If a child is asked to sort blocks by colour and shape, they will only sort by either colour OR shape, not both.

Question 25

Pre - Operational Key Accomplishments (3)

Answer 25

Symbolic Thinking:
Symbols to represent objects that aren’t physically present.

E.g. A toilet paper roll becomes a sword!

Transformation:
Understanding that things can change physical state.

E.g. Ice can become water

Reversability:
Ability to follow a line back to a starting point.

E.g. If you pull a Potato Head apart you can put the pieces back together and remake it.

Question 26

What happens in Concrete Operational? (3)

Answer 26

• Children are capeable of more logical thoughts
• Can understand future consequences.
• Mental Arithmatic

Question 27

Concrete Operational Key Accomplishments (2)

Answer 27

Conservation: (4)
Understanding that properties of an object remain the same even if the appearance changes.

Volume - If you pour water from a shorter glass to a taller one the volume of the liquid stays the name.

Number - Knowing the number of a group of objects does not change even if the physical appearance changes

Length - Length of objects is fixed even if the position changes.

Mass - Mass stays the same even if the objects appearance changes.

Classification:
Ability to organise objects or events into catagories based on common features that set apart from other catagories.

Question 28

What happens in Formal Operational? (2)

Answer 28

• Complex thinking processes
• Sophisticated ideas, reasoning and logic

Question 29

Formal Operational Key Accomplishments (2)

Answer 29

Abstract Thinking:
A way of thinking that dosen’t rely on the ability to see, touch or see something.

Idealistic Thinking:
Comparing yourself to others to be perfect standards and striving to be the best verstion of yourself.

Question 30

What is Observational Learning?

Answer 30

Learning by watching someone elses behaviour and if the actions have a postitive outcome they are more likley to be repeated, but if they have a negative outcome they will most likley not be repeated.

Question 31

What did Albert Bandura test? What were his aims and outcomes?

Answer 31

Bandura tested the Social Learning Theory.

Bandura’s aim was to determine that if children were to witness an aggressive display by an adult would they imitate the aggressive behaviour when given the oppertunity.

The outcome displayed that children learn from the observation of adult models.

Question 32

What is Maturation?

Answer 32

the process of learning to cope and react in an emotionally appropriate way.

Question 33

What is a Critical Period? Give a human example.

Answer 33

A narrow period of time where in an animal development it must have a particular experience in order for something specific to be learned.

Critical Periods start and end abruptly.

E.g. Human babies must recieve exposure to light in the first few days of life so the sensory neurons in the retina develop.
If this does not happen the baby be be permemently visually impaired.

Question 34

What is Imprinting?

Answer 34

When a young animal fixes it attention on or attaches to the first moving object they see after they hatch from an egg.

Question 35

What is a Sensitive Period? Give a human example.

Answer 35

A period where learning is optimum for an individual to learn specific things.

Synaptic connections are made more easily.

Tend to begin and end more gradually.

E.g. Learning to speak a native language is a sensitive period up to the age of 12, but the window gradually closes from 7.