Chapter 3 Principles of Electrochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolysis method is often used to

A
  • Extract metals from their metal ores when the metals cannot be extracted by heating their ores with carbon
  • Purify metals
  • Produce non-metals such as fluorine
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2
Q

Electrolysis method is often used to

A
  • Extract metals from their metal ores when the metals cannot be extracted by heating their ores with carbon
  • Purify metals
  • Produce non-metals such as fluorine
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3
Q

Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolysis cell which consists of:

A
    • An electrolyte - this is the compound that is broken down during electrolysis and it is either a molten ionic compound or a concentrated aqueous solution of ions
      • Two electrodes - these are metal or graphite rods conduct electricity to the electrolyte and away from the electrolyte
        • The positive electrode is called the anode
        • The negative electrode is called the cathode
      • The power supply, which is direct current
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4
Q

electrochemical cell is called an electrolytic cell

A
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5
Q

Electrolysis of molten electrolytes (cations information)

A
  • Cations (positively charged ions) move to the negatively charged cathode where they gain electrons
    • Reduction takes place at the cathode
    • If a metal is formed, a layer of metal is deposited on a cathode or it forms a molten layer in the cell
    • If hydrogen gas is formed, bubbles are seen
    • example:

Ag+ + e- → Ag

2H+ + 2e- → H2

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6
Q

Electrolysis of molten electrolytes (anion information)

A
  • Anions (negatively charged ions) move to the positively charged anode where they lose electrons
    • Oxidation takes place at the anode
    • For example, bromine forms negatively charged ions which would be oxidised at the anode as follows:

2Br- → Br2 + 2e-

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7
Q

Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

A
  • Aqueous solutions have more than one cation and anion in solution due to the presence of water
  • Water contributes H+ and OH- ions to the solution, which makes things more complicated
    • Water is a weak electrolyte and splits into H+ and OH- ions as follows:

H2O ⇌ H+ + OH-

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8
Q
  • The actual ions that are discharged during electrolysis will depend on:
A
  • The relative electrode potential of the ions
  • The concentration of the ions
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9
Q

Relative electrode potential of ions

A
  • The relative electrode potential (E) of ions describes how easily an ion is discharged during electrolysis
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10
Q

The positively charged cation with the most positive E will be

A

discharged at the cathode as this is the cation that is most easily reduced

  • example:
  • 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2(g) E=0.00
  • VNa+(aq) + e- ⇌ Na(s) E=-2.71 V
  • Since H+ ions have a higher E value, hydrogen gas (H2) is formed at the cathode instead of sodium (Na)
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11
Q

The negatively charged anion with the most negative E will be

A

discharged at the anode, as this is the anion that is most easily oxidised

  • Example:
  • 4OH-(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- E = -0.40 V
  • 2F-(aq) → F2(g) + 2e- E=-2.87 V
  • Since F- ions have a lower E value than OH- ions, fluorine (F2) gas is formed at the anode
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12
Q

Concentration of ions

A
  • Ions that are present in higher concentrations are more likely to be discharged
  • However, if a very dilute solution of NaF is electrolysed, there will be much more oxygen and much less fluorine gas formed at the anode
    • In reality, a mixture of both oxygen and fluorine gas is formed
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13
Q

The amount of substance that is formed at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to:

A
    • The amount of time where a constant current to passes
      • The amount of electricity, in coulombs, that passes through the electrolyte (strength of electric current)
      • The relationship between the current and time is:
  • Q = I x t
  • Q = charge (coulombs, C)
  • I = current (amperes, A)
  • t = time, (seconds, s)
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14
Q

The amount or the quantity of electricity can also be expressed by

A
  • the faraday (F) unit
    • One faraday is the amount of electric charge carried by 1 mole of electrons or 1 mole of singly charged ions
    • 1 faraday is 96 500 C mol-1
  • Thus, the relationship between the Faraday constant and the Avogadro constant (L) is:
  • F = L x e
  • F = Faraday’s constant (96 500 C mol-1)
  • L = Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
  • e = charge on an electron
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15
Q

Determining Avogadro’s Constant by Electrolysis

A
  • The Avogadro’s constant (L) is the number of entities in one mole
    • L = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
    • For example, four moles of water contains 2.41 x 1024 (6.02 x 1023 x 4) molecules of H2O
  • The value of L (6.02 x 1023 mol-1) can be experimentally determined by electrolysis using the following equation:
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16
Q

Finding L experimentally Method

(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)

A
  • The pure copper anode and pure copper cathode are weighed
  • A variable resistor is kept at a constant current of about 0.17 A
  • An electric current is then passed through for a certain time interval (e.g. 40 minutes)
  • The anode and cathode are then removed, washed with distilled water, dried with propanone, and then reweighed
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17
Q

Finding L experimentally Method

(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)

  • Results
A
  • The cathode has increased in mass as copper is deposited
  • The anode has decreased in mass as the copper goes into solution as copper ions
  • Often, it is the decreased mass of the anode which is used in the calculation, as the solid copper formed at the cathode does not always stick to the cathode properly
  • Let’s say the amount of copper deposited in this experiment was 0.13 g
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18
Q

Finding L experimentally Method

(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)

  • Calculation
A
  • The amount of charge passed can be calculated as follows:

Q = I x t= 0.17 x (60 x 40)= 408 C

  • To deposit 0.13 g of copper (2.0 x 10-3 mol), 408 C of electricity was needed
  • The amount of electricity needed to deposit 1 mole of copper can therefore be calculated using simple proportion using the relative atomic mass of Cu
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19
Q

Apparatus set-up for finding the value of L experimentally

A
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20
Q

The electrode (reduction) potential (E) is a value which shows how

A

easily a substance is reduced

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21
Q

Electric (reduction) potential are demonstrated using reversible half equations

A
  • This is because there is a redox equilibrium between two related species that are in different oxidation states
  • For example, if you dipped a zinc metal rod into a solution which contained zinc ions, there would be zinc atoms losing electrons to form zinc ions and at the same time, zinc ions gaining electrons to become zinc atoms
  • This would cause a redox equilibrium
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22
Q

When writing half equations for this topic, the electrons will always be written on the

A
  • left-hand side (demonstrating reduction)
  • The position of equilibrium is different for different species, which is why different species will have electrode (reduction) potentials
  • The more positive (or less negative) an electrode potential, the more likely it is for that species to undergo reduction
    • The equilibrium position lies more to the right
23
Q

The more negative (or less positive) the electrode potential

A
  • the less likely it is that reduction of that species will occur
  • The equilibrium position lies more to the left
  • For example, the negative electrode potential of sodium suggests that it is unlikely that the sodium (Na+) ions will be reduced to sodium (Na) atoms

Na+(aq) + e- ⇌ Na(s) voltage = -2.71 V

24
Q

The position of equilibrium and therefore the electrode potential depends on factors such as:

A
  • Temperature
  • Pressure of gases
  • Concentration of reagents
25
Q
  • So, to be able to compare the electrode potentials of different species they need?
A
  • they all have to be measured against a common reference or standard
  • Standard conditions also have to be used when comparing electrode potentials
26
Q

Standard electrode potential conditions

A
  • Ion concentration of 1.00 mol dm-3
  • A temperature of 298 K
  • A pressure of 1 atm
27
Q

The electrode potentials are measured relative to something called a

A
  • standard hydrogen electrode
  • The standard hydrogen electrode is given a value of 0.00 V, and all other electrode potentials are compared to this standard
  • This means that the electrode potentials are always referred to as a standard electrode potential (E)
28
Q

The standard electrode potential (E) is the

A

voltage produced when a standard half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen cell under standard conditions

29
Q

Once the Eof a half-cell is known, the

A
  • voltage of an electrochemical cell made up of two half-cells can be calculated
    • These could be any half-cells and neither have to be a standard hydrogen electrode
  • This is also known as the standard cell potential (Ecell)
    • The standard cell potential is the difference in E between two half-cells
30
Q

Standard Hydrogen Electrode

A

When a metal rod is placed in an aqueous solution, a redox equilibrium is established between the metal ions and atoms

31
Q

The position of the redox equilibrium is different for different metals

  • Copper is more easily?
A
  • reduced, thus the equilibrium lies further over to the right

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu (s)

32
Q

The position of the redox equilibrium is different for different metals

  • Vanadium is more easily?
A
  • oxidised, thus the equilibrium lies further over to the left

V2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ V(s)

33
Q

The metal atoms and ions in solution cause an

A
  • electric potential (voltage)
  • This potential cannot be measured directly however the potential between the metal/metal ion system and another system can be measured
34
Q

electrode potential (E) and is measured in

A
  • volts
    • The electrode potential is the voltage measured for a half-cell compared to another half-cell
    • Often, the half-cell used for comparison is the standard hydrogen electrode
35
Q

The standard hydrogen electrode is a

A
  • half-cell used as reference electrodes and consists of:
    • Hydrogen gas in equilibrium with H+ ions of concentration 1.00 mol dm-3 (at 1 atm)

2H+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2 (g)

    • An inert platinum electrode that is in contact with the hydrogen gas and H+ ions
36
Q

When the standard hydrogen electrode is connected to another half-cell, the standard electrode potential of that half-cell can be read off a

A

voltmeter

37
Q

The standard electrode potential of a half-cell can be determined by connecting it to a standard hydrogen electrode

A
38
Q

what are three different types of half-cells that can be connected to a standard hydrogen electrode

A
  • A metal / metal ion half-cell
  • A non-metal / non-metal ion half-cell
  • An ion / ion half-cell (the ions are in different oxidation states)
39
Q

Example of a metal / metal ion half-cell connected to a standard hydrogen electrode

A
40
Q

An example of a metal/metal ion half-cell is the Ag+/ Ag half-cell

A
  • Ag is the metal
  • Ag+ is the metal ion
  • This half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode and the two half-equations are:

Ag+ (aq) + e- ⇌ Ag (s) E= + 0.80 V

2H+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2 (g) E= 0.00 V

  • Since the Ag+/ Ag half-cell has a more positive Evalue, this is the positive pole and the H+/H2 half-cell is the negative pole
  • The standard cell potential (Ecell) is Ecell = (+ 0.80) - (0.00) = + 0.80 V
  • The Ag+ ions are more likely to get reduced than the H+ ions as it has a greater Evalue
    • Reduction occurs at the positive pole
    • Oxidation occurs at the negative pole
41
Q

Non-metal/non-metal ion half-cell

A
  • In a non-metal/non-metal ion half-cell platinum wire or foil is used as an electrode to make electrical contact with the solution
    • Like graphite, platinum is inert and does not take part in the reaction
    • The redox equilibrium is established on the platinum surface
42
Q

An example of a non-metal/non-metal ion is the Br2/Br- half-cell

A
  • Br is the non-metal
  • Br- is the non-metal ion
  • The half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode and the two half-equations are:

Br2 (l) + 2e- ⇌ 2Br- (aq) E = +1.09 V

2H+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2 (g) E = 0.00 V

  • The Br2/Br- half-cell is the positive pole and the H+/H2 is the negative pole
  • The Ecellis: Ecell = (+ 1.09) - (0.00) = + 1.09 V
  • The Br2 molecules are more likely to get reduced than H+ as they have a greater Evalue
43
Q

Example of a non-metal / non-metal ion half-cell connected to a standard hydrogen electrode

A
44
Q

Ion/Ion half-cell

A
  • An example of such a half-cell is the MnO4-/Mn2+ half-cell
    • MnO4- is an ion containing Mn with oxidation state +7
    • The Mn2+ ion contains Mn with oxidation state +2
  • This half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode and the two half-equations are:

MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e- ⇌ Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) E = +1.52 V

2H+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2 (g) E= 0.00 V

  • The H+ ions are also present in the half-cell as they are required to convert MnO4- into Mn2+ ions
  • The MnO4-/Mn2+ - half-cell is the positive pole and the H+/H2 is the negative pole
  • The Ecell = (+ 1.52) - (0.00) = + 1.52 V
45
Q

A platinum electrode is again

A

used to form a half-cell of ions that are in different oxidation states

46
Q

Ions in solution half cell

A
47
Q

The direction of electron flow can be determined by comparing the

A
  • Evalues of two half-cells in an electrochemical cell

2Cl2 (g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- (aq) E = +1.36 V

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu (s) E = +0.34 V

  • The Cl2 more readily accept electrons from the Cu2+/Cu half-cell
  • This is the positive pole
  • Cl2 gets more readily reduced
  • The Cu2+ more readily loses electrons to the Cl2/Cl- half-cell
    • This is the negative pole
    • Cu2+ gets more readily oxidised
48
Q

The electrons flow through the wires from the negative pole to the positive pole

A
49
Q

Feasibility

A
  • The Evalues of a species indicate how easily they can get oxidised or reduced
50
Q

The more positive the Evalues, the easier it is to reduce the species on the

A

the left of the half-equation

  • The reaction will tend to proceed in the forward direction
51
Q

The more negative the Evalues, the easier it is to reduce the species on the

A

on the right of the half-equation

  • The reaction will tend to proceed in the backward direction
  • A reaction is feasible (likely to occur) when the Ecell is positive
52
Q
  • For example, two half-cells in the following electrochemical cell are:

Cl2 (g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- (aq) E = +1.36 V

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu (s) E = +0.34 V

A
  • Cl2 molecules are reduced as they have a more positive E value
  • The chemical reaction that occurs in this half cell is:

Cl2 (g) + 2e- → 2Cl- (aq)

  • Cu2+ ions are oxidised as they have a less positive E value
  • The chemical reaction that occurs in this half cell is:

Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-

  • The overall equation of the electrochemical cell is (after cancelling out the electrons):

Cu (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2Cl- (aq) + Cu2+ (aq)

OR

Cu (s) + Cl2 (g) → CuCl2 (s)

  • The forward reaction is feasible (spontaneous) as it has a positive E value of +1.02 V ((+1.36) - (+0.34))
  • The backward reaction is not feasible (not spontaneous) as it has a negative Evalue of -1.02 ((+0.34) - (+1.36))
53
Q

A reaction is feasible when the standard cell potential E is positive

A
54
Q

Constructing redox equations

\

A
  • Step 1: Determine in which half-cell the oxidation and in which half-cell the reduction reaction takes place

Cl2 (g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- (aq) E = +1.36 V

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn (s) E = -0.76 V

  • Reduction occurs in the Cl2/Cl- half-cell as it has the more positive Evalue
  • Oxidation occurs in the Zn+/Zn half-cell as it has the least positive Evalue
  • Step 2: Write down the half equations for each half-cell
    • Half-equation of the Cl2/Cl- half-cell

Cl2 (g) + 2e- → 2Cl- (aq)

  • Half-equation of the Zn+/Zn half-cell

Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-

  • Step 3: Balance the number of electrons in both half-equations
    • The number of electrons is already balanced in both half-equations as they both contain two electrons
  • Step 4 - Add up the two half-equations

Cl2 (g) + 2e- → 2Cl- (aq)

Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-

______________________________________ +

Cl2 (g) + Zn (s) + 2e → 2Cl- (aq) + Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-

  • Step 5 - Cancel out the electrons (and H+ ions and H2O molecules if any present) to find the overall redox reaction

Cl2 (g) + Zn (s) → 2Cl- (aq) + Zn2+ (aq)

OR

Cl2 (g) + Zn (s) → ZnCl2 (s)