Chapter 3 Principles of Electrochemistry Flashcards
Electrolysis method is often used to
- Extract metals from their metal ores when the metals cannot be extracted by heating their ores with carbon
- Purify metals
- Produce non-metals such as fluorine
Electrolysis method is often used to
- Extract metals from their metal ores when the metals cannot be extracted by heating their ores with carbon
- Purify metals
- Produce non-metals such as fluorine
Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolysis cell which consists of:
- An electrolyte - this is the compound that is broken down during electrolysis and it is either a molten ionic compound or a concentrated aqueous solution of ions
- Two electrodes - these are metal or graphite rods conduct electricity to the electrolyte and away from the electrolyte
- The positive electrode is called the anode
- The negative electrode is called the cathode
- The power supply, which is direct current
- Two electrodes - these are metal or graphite rods conduct electricity to the electrolyte and away from the electrolyte
- An electrolyte - this is the compound that is broken down during electrolysis and it is either a molten ionic compound or a concentrated aqueous solution of ions
electrochemical cell is called an electrolytic cell
Electrolysis of molten electrolytes (cations information)
-
Cations (positively charged ions) move to the negatively charged cathode where they gain electrons
- Reduction takes place at the cathode
- If a metal is formed, a layer of metal is deposited on a cathode or it forms a molten layer in the cell
- If hydrogen gas is formed, bubbles are seen
- example:
Ag+ + e- → Ag
2H+ + 2e- → H2
Electrolysis of molten electrolytes (anion information)
-
Anions (negatively charged ions) move to the positively charged anode where they lose electrons
- Oxidation takes place at the anode
- For example, bromine forms negatively charged ions which would be oxidised at the anode as follows:
2Br- → Br2 + 2e-
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
- Aqueous solutions have more than one cation and anion in solution due to the presence of water
- Water contributes H+ and OH- ions to the solution, which makes things more complicated
- Water is a weak electrolyte and splits into H+ and OH- ions as follows:
H2O ⇌ H+ + OH-
- The actual ions that are discharged during electrolysis will depend on:
- The relative electrode potential of the ions
- The concentration of the ions
Relative electrode potential of ions
- The relative electrode potential (Eꝋ) of ions describes how easily an ion is discharged during electrolysis
The positively charged cation with the most positive Eꝋ will be
discharged at the cathode as this is the cation that is most easily reduced
- example:
- 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2(g) Eꝋ=0.00
- VNa+(aq) + e- ⇌ Na(s) Eꝋ=-2.71 V
- Since H+ ions have a higher Eꝋ value, hydrogen gas (H2) is formed at the cathode instead of sodium (Na)
The negatively charged anion with the most negative Eꝋ will be
discharged at the anode, as this is the anion that is most easily oxidised
- Example:
- 4OH-(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- Eꝋ = -0.40 V
- 2F-(aq) → F2(g) + 2e- Eꝋ =-2.87 V
- Since F- ions have a lower Eꝋ value than OH- ions, fluorine (F2) gas is formed at the anode
Concentration of ions
- Ions that are present in higher concentrations are more likely to be discharged
- However, if a very dilute solution of NaF is electrolysed, there will be much more oxygen and much less fluorine gas formed at the anode
- In reality, a mixture of both oxygen and fluorine gas is formed
The amount of substance that is formed at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to:
- The amount of time where a constant current to passes
- The amount of electricity, in coulombs, that passes through the electrolyte (strength of electric current)
- The relationship between the current and time is:
- The amount of time where a constant current to passes
- Q = I x t
- Q = charge (coulombs, C)
- I = current (amperes, A)
- t = time, (seconds, s)
The amount or the quantity of electricity can also be expressed by
- the faraday (F) unit
- One faraday is the amount of electric charge carried by 1 mole of electrons or 1 mole of singly charged ions
- 1 faraday is 96 500 C mol-1
- Thus, the relationship between the Faraday constant and the Avogadro constant (L) is:
- F = L x e
- F = Faraday’s constant (96 500 C mol-1)
- L = Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
- e = charge on an electron
Determining Avogadro’s Constant by Electrolysis
- The Avogadro’s constant (L) is the number of entities in one mole
- L = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
- For example, four moles of water contains 2.41 x 1024 (6.02 x 1023 x 4) molecules of H2O
- The value of L (6.02 x 1023 mol-1) can be experimentally determined by electrolysis using the following equation:
Finding L experimentally Method
(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
- The pure copper anode and pure copper cathode are weighed
- A variable resistor is kept at a constant current of about 0.17 A
- An electric current is then passed through for a certain time interval (e.g. 40 minutes)
- The anode and cathode are then removed, washed with distilled water, dried with propanone, and then reweighed
Finding L experimentally Method
(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
- Results
- The cathode has increased in mass as copper is deposited
- The anode has decreased in mass as the copper goes into solution as copper ions
- Often, it is the decreased mass of the anode which is used in the calculation, as the solid copper formed at the cathode does not always stick to the cathode properly
- Let’s say the amount of copper deposited in this experiment was 0.13 g
Finding L experimentally Method
(L=Avogadro’s constant (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
- Calculation
- The amount of charge passed can be calculated as follows:
Q = I x t= 0.17 x (60 x 40)= 408 C
- To deposit 0.13 g of copper (2.0 x 10-3 mol), 408 C of electricity was needed
- The amount of electricity needed to deposit 1 mole of copper can therefore be calculated using simple proportion using the relative atomic mass of Cu
Apparatus set-up for finding the value of L experimentally
The electrode (reduction) potential (E) is a value which shows how
easily a substance is reduced
Electric (reduction) potential are demonstrated using reversible half equations
- This is because there is a redox equilibrium between two related species that are in different oxidation states
- For example, if you dipped a zinc metal rod into a solution which contained zinc ions, there would be zinc atoms losing electrons to form zinc ions and at the same time, zinc ions gaining electrons to become zinc atoms
- This would cause a redox equilibrium