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EAS 210 > Chapter 3 - PREMIDTERM > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - PREMIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Define mineral

A

naturally formed, solid, chemical substance having specific composition and characteristic crystal structure

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2
Q

can you make minerals in lab

A

minerals are organic so technicaly no

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3
Q

What type of bond is graphite?

A

Van der waals (very weak)

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4
Q

What type of bond is iron

A

metallic - medium strength

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5
Q

What type of bonds is ionic

A

NaCl - strong

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6
Q

What type of bonds is covalent

A

Diamond - very strong

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7
Q

Give an example of a polymorph. What is a poly

A

Graphite and diamonds

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8
Q

How many crystal systems are there, how many classes and space groups

A

7 crystal systems
32 classes
230 space groups

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9
Q

Types of crystal symmetry

A

Translational (mirror)

rotational(taking a line through a certain point and ensuring they are identical)

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10
Q

Classical crystallography

A

2, 3 ,4 , 6 fold rotational symmetry

ex) Cubic symmetry has 2 fold rotational symmetry

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11
Q

How many fold rotational symmetry do quasicrystals? How much translational symmetry do quasicrystals have?

A

5 fold rotational symmetry

NO TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY, but ‘aperiodic tilling’ instead

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12
Q

What is cleavage

A
  • breakage in preferred directions along reflective planar surfaces
  • angles between cleavage planes are constant for specific minerals
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13
Q

define lustre

A

quality and intensity of reflected light on crystal faces or cleavage planes (metallic)

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14
Q

Types of lustre?

A 
Non-Metallic  
Vitreous (like glass) 
Resinous  (like resign) 
Pearly (like pearls)  
Dull/earthy
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15
Q

What has resinous lustre?

A

resign

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16
Q

define color

A

quality and intensity of perceived light

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17
Q

what is color caused by (rocks)

A

metal ion in ionic substitution, distorts structure, material looks different now as light gets partially absorbed and refracted and changes color

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18
Q

Most unreliable/least diagnostic property of material?

A

color

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19
Q

What is microscopy

A

plane polarized light, crossed polarized light

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20
Q

What is the most fool proof test in identifying minerals

A

Xray diffractometry

-every mineral has a fingerprint that can be identified by this machine

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21
Q

what is a streak plate made out of

A

non-glazed porcelain

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22
Q

Mohs hardness scale

A 
10 - diamond
9-corrundum
8-topaz
7-quartz
6-orthoclase
5-apatite
4-fluorite
3-calcite
2-gypsum
1-talc
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23
Q

What is specific gravity. Include dimensions

A

wiehgt of substance divided by weight of equal volume of water
-DIMENSIONLESS

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24
Q

Specific gravity of water, gold?

A

water - 1

gold - 19.3

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25
Q

Comment on bonding of silicate

Smallest unit?

A

SiO4 - covalent bonds, strong bonds like carbon bonds,

  • tetrahedral arrangement
  • more and more sheets makes it complicated

-smallest unit: SiO3 ^2-

26
Q

Silica tetrahedron, atomic compound??

A

SiO4

27
Q

What determines how many cleavage planes something has

A

structure on atomic scale

28
Q

Dark minerals tend to have what 2 elements? Light minerals have what(name 1 compound 1 mineral)

A

Dark:Iron and magnesium (ferromagnesium)

Light: Silicon, sodium

29
Q

Most common carbonic material? (has CO3)

-where are they common?

A
  • calcite

- common in building materials (limestone)

30
Q

Common mineral that has phosphate (PO4). What is a unique thing that is made of this mineral? hardness of this mineral?

A

apatite

  • teeth and bones composed of apatite
  • hardness of 5
31
Q

Most common sulfate? (SO4) What can u create with calcium sulfate?

A

Gypsum

-u can create casts with calcium sulfate

32
Q

Name a mineral with sulfide (S)

A

Pyrite

33
Q

Why is sulfur in so many minerals? (talk about valence)

A

sulfurs shells are half full, can go both ways, lose or gain electrons

34
Q

Oxides, what common mineral?

A

Uraninite

35
Q

Define mineral resources

A

naturally occurring minerals or aggregate of minerals from which economically important constituents can be extrated

36
Q

define mineral deposit

A

any volume of rock containing an enrichment of one or more mineral

37
Q

Define ore

A

profitable mineral deposit consisting of ore mineral + gangue(all mineral we don’t care about and wanna get rid of)

38
Q

enrichment factors of mineral resources?

A

Grade, depth, infrastructure, world price, politics

39
Q

Processes of origin and enrichment to form mineral deposits and ores (6 processes that help with enrichment process)

  • which processes form gold?
  • which processes form diamond?
  • which processes form rare earth elements
A
  1. Magmatic processes(intrusive+extrusive)
  2. Hydrothermal activity
  3. Metamorphism
  4. Sedimentary/diagnostic processes
  5. Weathering
  6. Supernova nucleosynthesis

gold: 1-5
diamond: 1
rare earth elements: 6

40
Q

structure of diamond?

A

octahedral

41
Q

Distribution of rare earth minerals

A

EXTREMELY UNEVEN

- MOST IN CHINA

42
Q

Local source of sulfur, where?

A

Pine point

43
Q

What is unconventional oil. How do we get unconventional oil

A

Most of them are too deep to aquire
-can cause contamination of water
We get by steam assisted gravity drive (series of pipes, liquefies unconventional oil via steam, flow into well)

44
Q

MVT (missisip valley) deposits summary

A
  • oil and brines migrate up from deep sedimentary basin
  • brines leech Pb, Zn, minor Fe from sandstones + shales
  • source of Mg to form dolomite
  • source of Sulfur
  • Galena + sphalerite deposited as a result of mixing matalliferous brine with sulphate bearing brine, sulphate is reduced to sulfide by oil residues
  • brines transport metals to limestones near basin margin
45
Q

define placer

A

sedimentary deposit of mineral with high density

46
Q

Where are diamond mines in Canada?

A

North

  • Slave craton** important one
  • ontario
47
Q

Diamonds in NWT - whats the place name

A

slave craton

48
Q

What dangerous gas is formed from evaporates?

what use to us is the gas?

A

sour gas

-we can refine and get sulfur out of it

49
Q

What Is conventional petroulium

A

flows without aid, and can be piumped

-crude oil and natural gas

50
Q

Unconventional petroleum sources?

A

oil shale, shale gas, TAR/OIL SANDS

51
Q

Origin of coal?

A

buried swamps and forests

pete –> brown coal –> subbituminous coal –> bituminous coal

52
Q

Most deadly endeavor natural resource?

A

coal is the most dangerous to get

53
Q

Whats a good radiation shield?

A

salt

54
Q

How are diapirs formed? What element is most abundant?

A

salt moving up due to its density, forms salt domes (diapirs)
-Na!!

55
Q

Typical marine evaporate settings; what minerals?

A

Halite (chloride) (SALT)
Gypsum (Sulfate)
Calcite + Dolomite (Carbonate)

56
Q

How much salt per volume seawater?

A

3.5%

57
Q

Typical marine evaporate deposits:

A

massive, clay and silt

58
Q

Typical continental evaporate settings:

A

playas and lakes

-same salts as marine settings, plus TRONA (evaporate mineral not in marine settings)

59
Q

Largeest POTASH salt deposit in world?

A

Devonian “PRAIRIE EVAPORITE”

60
Q

define salt dome

A

type of structural dome formed when a thick bed of evaporate minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata forming a diapir

61
Q

transition from pete to coal:

A

pete –> brown coal –> subbituminous coal –> bituminous coal

62
Q

Origin of oil and gas?

A

Thermal maturation

EAS 210 (24 decks)

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