- breakage in preferred directions along reflective planar surfaces - angles between cleavage planes are constant for specific minerals

Chapter 3 - PREMIDTERM Flashcards by Hisham Ghazal

Define mineral

naturally formed, solid, chemical substance having specific composition and characteristic crystal structure

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can you make minerals in lab

minerals are organic so technicaly no

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What type of bond is graphite?

Van der waals (very weak)

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What type of bond is iron

metallic - medium strength

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What type of bonds is ionic

NaCl - strong

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What type of bonds is covalent

Diamond - very strong

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Give an example of a polymorph. What is a poly

Graphite and diamonds

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How many crystal systems are there, how many classes and space groups

7 crystal systems
32 classes
230 space groups

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Types of crystal symmetry

Translational (mirror)

rotational(taking a line through a certain point and ensuring they are identical)

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Classical crystallography

2, 3 ,4 , 6 fold rotational symmetry

ex) Cubic symmetry has 2 fold rotational symmetry

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How many fold rotational symmetry do quasicrystals? How much translational symmetry do quasicrystals have?

5 fold rotational symmetry

NO TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY, but ‘aperiodic tilling’ instead

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What is cleavage

breakage in preferred directions along reflective planar surfaces
angles between cleavage planes are constant for specific minerals

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define lustre

quality and intensity of reflected light on crystal faces or cleavage planes (metallic)

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Types of lustre?

Non-Metallic  
Vitreous (like glass) 
Resinous  (like resign) 
Pearly (like pearls)  
Dull/earthy

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What has resinous lustre?

resign

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define color

quality and intensity of perceived light

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what is color caused by (rocks)

metal ion in ionic substitution, distorts structure, material looks different now as light gets partially absorbed and refracted and changes color

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Most unreliable/least diagnostic property of material?

color

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What is microscopy

plane polarized light, crossed polarized light

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What is the most fool proof test in identifying minerals

Xray diffractometry

-every mineral has a fingerprint that can be identified by this machine

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what is a streak plate made out of

non-glazed porcelain

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Mohs hardness scale

10 - diamond
9-corrundum
8-topaz
7-quartz
6-orthoclase
5-apatite
4-fluorite
3-calcite
2-gypsum
1-talc

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What is specific gravity. Include dimensions

wiehgt of substance divided by weight of equal volume of water
-DIMENSIONLESS

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Specific gravity of water, gold?

water - 1

gold - 19.3

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Comment on bonding of silicate | Smallest unit?

SiO4 - covalent bonds, strong bonds like carbon bonds, - tetrahedral arrangement - more and more sheets makes it complicated -smallest unit: SiO3 ^2-

Silica tetrahedron, atomic compound??

SiO4

What determines how many cleavage planes something has

structure on atomic scale

Dark minerals tend to have what 2 elements? Light minerals have what(name 1 compound 1 mineral)

Dark:Iron and magnesium (ferromagnesium) Light: Silicon, sodium

Most common carbonic material? (has CO3) | -where are they common?

- calcite | - common in building materials (limestone)

Common mineral that has phosphate (PO4). What is a unique thing that is made of this mineral? hardness of this mineral?

apatite - teeth and bones composed of apatite - hardness of 5

Most common sulfate? (SO4) What can u create with calcium sulfate?

Gypsum | -u can create casts with calcium sulfate

Name a mineral with sulfide (S)

Pyrite

Why is sulfur in so many minerals? (talk about valence)

sulfurs shells are half full, can go both ways, lose or gain electrons

Oxides, what common mineral?

Uraninite

Define mineral resources

naturally occurring minerals or aggregate of minerals from which economically important constituents can be extrated

define mineral deposit

any volume of rock containing an enrichment of one or more mineral

Define ore

profitable mineral deposit consisting of ore mineral + gangue(all mineral we don't care about and wanna get rid of)

enrichment factors of mineral resources?

Grade, depth, infrastructure, world price, politics

Processes of origin and enrichment to form mineral deposits and ores (6 processes that help with enrichment process) - which processes form gold? - which processes form diamond? - which processes form rare earth elements

1. Magmatic processes(intrusive+extrusive) 2. Hydrothermal activity 3. Metamorphism 4. Sedimentary/diagnostic processes 5. Weathering 6. Supernova nucleosynthesis gold: 1-5 diamond: 1 rare earth elements: 6

structure of diamond?

octahedral

Distribution of rare earth minerals

EXTREMELY UNEVEN | - MOST IN CHINA

Local source of sulfur, where?

Pine point

What is unconventional oil. How do we get unconventional oil

Most of them are too deep to aquire -can cause contamination of water We get by steam assisted gravity drive (series of pipes, liquefies unconventional oil via steam, flow into well)

MVT (missisip valley) deposits summary

- oil and brines migrate up from deep sedimentary basin - brines leech Pb, Zn, minor Fe from sandstones + shales - source of Mg to form dolomite - source of Sulfur - Galena + sphalerite deposited as a result of mixing matalliferous brine with sulphate bearing brine, sulphate is reduced to sulfide by oil residues - brines transport metals to limestones near basin margin

define placer

sedimentary deposit of mineral with high density

Where are diamond mines in Canada?

North - Slave craton** important one - ontario

Diamonds in NWT - whats the place name

slave craton

What dangerous gas is formed from evaporates? | what use to us is the gas?

sour gas | -we can refine and get sulfur out of it

What Is conventional petroulium

flows without aid, and can be piumped | -crude oil and natural gas

Unconventional petroleum sources?

oil shale, shale gas, TAR/OIL SANDS

Origin of coal?

buried swamps and forests | pete --> brown coal --> subbituminous coal --> bituminous coal

Most deadly endeavor natural resource?

coal is the most dangerous to get

Whats a good radiation shield?

salt

How are diapirs formed? What element is most abundant?

salt moving up due to its density, forms salt domes (diapirs) -Na!!

Typical marine evaporate settings; what minerals?

Halite (chloride) (SALT) Gypsum (Sulfate) Calcite + Dolomite (Carbonate)

How much salt per volume seawater?

3.5%

Typical marine evaporate deposits:

massive, clay and silt

Typical continental evaporate settings:

playas and lakes | -same salts as marine settings, plus TRONA (evaporate mineral not in marine settings)

Largeest POTASH salt deposit in world?

Devonian "PRAIRIE EVAPORITE"

define salt dome

type of structural dome formed when a thick bed of evaporate minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata forming a diapir

transition from pete to coal:

pete --> brown coal --> subbituminous coal --> bituminous coal

Origin of oil and gas?

Thermal maturation