Chapter 18 - Organic evolution; the theorgy and its supporting evidence

Question 1

Define life

Answer 1

living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce, and through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations
(key words: metabolism, homeostasis (regulation), growth, reproduction

Question 2

Define species

Answer 2

A Species
is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals
that do not interbreed with other interbreeding groups, and that produce
fertile offspring.

Question 3

Reproductive barrier;

courtship behaviour

Answer 3

like a peacock shows its tail to other pea hens, attracting them, but it doesn’t work for other species

Question 4

Reproductive barrier;

mating apparatus

Answer 4

example, penis of one big dog would be too big for vagina of other smaller dog

Question 5

Reproductive barrier;

egg-sperm incompatibility

Answer 5

that is all

Question 6

Reproductive barrier;

infertile offspring

Answer 6

horse + donkey can mate and make a mule, but a mule is infertile, so u cant have a generation of mules, so a mule can never be a species

Question 7

Reproductive barrier;

geographic dislocation

Answer 7

a place like galapogos islands, are quite a distance away from nearest mainland

Question 8

Reproductive barrier;

psychological barriers

Answer 8

liger/ligon: lion and tiger mate, but usually tigers and lions hate each other. So they have psychological barriers that stop them from mating, although they can breed

Question 9

What is allopatric speciation via geographic dislocation

Answer 9

occurs when a new species evolves from a small population that become isolated from its parent population

Question 10

Define phylogenetic tree

Answer 10

or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or “tree” showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
-traditionally,y the tree has 2 main branches; plants and animals

Question 11

What is? Linean classification

Name them

Answer 11

–system of classification according to shared characteristics into fixed categories–
::::
Species - genus - family - order - class - phylum - kingdom - domain

Question 12

How we name subspecies:

Answer 12

formula:
genus species subspeceis
-so, for humans, it would be homo sapiens sapiens
-our genus is homo, our species is sapiens (human) and our subspecies (‘races’)

Question 13

define hillis plot

Answer 13

Search Results

    A Hillis Plot is a circular diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between all different life forms. The largest Hillis Plot incorporates about 3,000 species.

Question 14

two theories of origin of life;

Answer 14

Creation - all life was created as stated in the bible, no evolution
Evolution - life originated from lifeless chemicals, first primitive life forms evolved to more complex life forms

Question 15

Theory of evolution and convergence of evidence,

and who came up with theory of evolution

Answer 15

top example of all of sciences for convergence of evidence

-CHARLES darwin came up with theory

Question 16

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION, fossil record

Answer 16

Sequential morpholigical changees among related life forms through time (dinosaurs –> birds)

ex) wings that look similar:No way to explain this either than a common ancestor

Question 17

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION; homologous structures

Answer 17

similar structures, like humans and cats both have legs.
-homologous strucutres may serve different functions, bt all are composed of same bones, all have similar arangement with respect to other structures

Question 18

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION;

vestigal body parts

Answer 18

all the whales have a remnant of a femur in their body.. They don’t need a pelvic bone, but their ancestor had a pelvic bone.. They are there.. But they have no function

Question 19

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION; similarities between embryos of various texa

Answer 19

all of the embryos look identical initially, then they begin to differentiate through the gestation period.. Only possible if they have a common ancestor originally.

Question 20

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION; Microbial origin of humans

also define cell biology endosymbiosis

Answer 20

endosymbiosis theory:Symbiogenesis,
or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes. It states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiosis between separate single-celled organisms.
-we are nothing but a pile of microbes, and that is mostly evident in the digestive system

Question 21

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION;

biocemistry/genetics

Answer 21

-same 22 amino acids in all life forms
-nucleic acids (DNA) in all life forms
-similarities between enzymes l
-enzymes permitting calculation of phylogenetic divergence “molecular clock” l —-> bacteriology / virology
(which agrees with fossil record) l
Evolution is happening all the time before our eyes!
(we see evolution of virus/bacteria)

Question 22

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION; Psychology / behaviour

Answer 22

Gorillas and man!! Common behaviour

Question 23

PROOF OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION; Mathematical modeling

Answer 23

• calculating the chances of rival evolutionary theories

- u can prove biological evolution with mathematical modeling

Question 24

What are the earliest life forms?

Answer 24

(HYPER) - THERMOPHILIC MICROBES

• the earliest life forms from which everything originated are microbes that like warm temperatures
• so now we go to the places where it was hot when the earth was formed

Question 25

ORIGIN OF LIFE: other possibilites,

and when was the origin of life, first thingy ever known to man that is like (single cell organism)??

Answer 25

1)Aliens
2)Meteorites
3)Primordial earth (earliest earth)
4)atmosphere, shallow ocean
5)Hot springs,
6)deep oceans, near surface
~~~ origin of life approx 4 billion years ago

Question 26

What is the age equation? How do you use?

Answer 26

D= P(e^(lambda*t)-1)
T is age of sample
D is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the sample
P is the number of atoms of parent isotope
Lambda is decay constant…
-Geometric radioactive decay

17-21b explanation
-lets say magma cooling, and mineral is being formed. At that time (t=0) you have 100% of some parents isotope
-as time passes, you move off to the right, some of these decay to the daughter. After a while, at 1 on x-axis (1 half life), half of the parent isotopes have converted to the daughter isotopes
-double the time, another half have been converted.. Etc.. Etc..
-this is a representation of
D= P(e^(lamda*t)-1)
-therefore, if you know # of half lifes, then you can take the ratio of these two isotopes and tell when the mineral/rock formed

axis of graph: %atom remaining - y axis
# of half lifes - x axis

Question 27

Explain how meteorites could have been origin of life

Answer 27

Carbonaceous congregates, combination of ice and carbonates
-carbonaceous meteorites, which have compounds similar to amino acids, fall into ocean, and inseminated earth with amino acid

Question 28

Explain how near surface hot springs could have been origin of life

Answer 28

microbes that live in these environments

Question 29

Explain how deep ocean hot springs = black smokers could have been origin of life

Answer 29

Spreading centre in the ocean, water goes in cracks, comes out near the centre, carry with them a lot of minerals
-around them, we have prolific species, tube worms, fish, crabs, only life forms that are not nourished by the sun, but by endogenic heat from earth
-

Question 30

Explain how atmosphere or shallow ocean could have been origin of life

Answer 30

Energy in earth due to thunder storms, etc
Volcanic eruption, gases that come out are CO2, CH4, SO4, N, these are key elements of life -primordial soup
When charged with energy, chemical reactions occur in the mixture

Question 31

What is primordial soup?

Answer 31

Solution rich in organic compounds in the primitive oceans of earth, from which life is hypothesized to have originated (when charged with energy, chemical reactions occur in the mixture, creating life)