Chapter 3 - Pituitary Gland Hormones Flashcards
What is the location called in between the anterior and posterior pituitary?
Pars intermedia
Where does the pituitary gland lie?
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
From where does the adenohypophysis originate?
Rathke’s Pouch
The anterior pituitary hormones regulate which four physiological processes?
Growth, reproduction, stress, and lactation
What is a tropic hormone?
A hormone whose target is an endocrine gland
What area of the pituitary gland is known for the release of tropic hormones?
Anterior
What releases somatotropin (GH)?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone TSH)?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases corticotropins (hormones from the adrenal cortex like ACTH)?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases lactotropins like prolactin?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases gonadotropic hormones like follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases leuteinizing hormones (LH)?
Anterior pituitary gland
What releases melanocyte stimulating hormone?
Intermediate pituitary (but is synthesized by the anterior pituitary)
What hormone is responsible for protein formation, as well as, cell proliferation and differentiation?
Growth hormone (GH)
What hormone is responsible for the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat?
Adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) controls the production of what two hormones?
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
What do thyroxine and triiodothyronine control?
Most of the intracellular chemical reactions in the body
What is a thyrotrope?
An endocrine cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is another term for prolactin (PRL)?
Lactotrope
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are what kind of hormones?
Gonadotropic
What hormone is responsible for the development of mammary glands and milk production?
Prolactin
What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
The anterior pituitary gland is made of what kind of tissue?
Glandular
The posterior pituitary gland is made of what kind of tissue?
Neural
What part of the pituitary gland stores the hormones?
Posterior
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland and synthesized from the hypothalamus?
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin
What is the function of vasopressin in the body?
Controls water balance
What hormone causes uterine contractions leading to birth?
Oxytocin
Increase of oxytocin before birth to cause uterine contractions is an example of what mechanism?
Postive feedback
What is another term for the hypothalamus?
Pituitary axis
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
Homeostasis
What controls overall pituitary secretion?
Hypothalamus
How does the hypothalamus control anterior pituitary secretion?
By cell bodies secreting and releasing inhibitory hormones
What hormone releases thyroid-stimulating hormone?
Thyroid-releasing hormone
What hormone releases adrenocorticotropin?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What hormone is responsible for the release of growth hormone?
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
What inhibits the release of growth hormone?
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) AKA somatostatin
What hormone is responsible for the release of LH and FSH?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
What is the other name for growth hormone?
Somatotropin
What does growth hormone increase?
Size of cells and overall mitosis
What disorder involves the overproduction of growth hormone during mid-adulthood leading to increased growth of the bones of the hands, feet, and face?
Acromegaly
What is the primary function of GH or STH?
Increase linear height in children
What is the secondary function of GH or STH?
Stimulates metabolism
How does GH or STH increase linear height in children?
Stimulate enzymes of protein and the synthesis of somatomedin
How does GH or STH stimulate metabolism?
Stimulates the enzymes of protein anabolism, carbohydrate catabolism, and lipid catabolism
What effect does growth hormone have on blood glucose?
Increase
What effect does GH have on the synthesis of glucagon?
Increase
What effect does GH have on the synthesis of cortisol?
Increase
What effect does GH have on carbohydrate catabolism?
Increase
What effect does GH have on insulin?
Acts as an insulin antagonist
What effect does GH have on blood pressure?
Increase
How can increased levels of GH affect the heart?
Through its increase of blood pressure
How does GH increase blood pressure?
By increasing the number of solutes in plasma
What effect does GH have on plasma calcium?
Increase
How does GH increase plasma calcium?
By increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
What effect does GH have on sodium and phosphorus levels?
Increased renal absorption of them
How does GH increase renal absorption of sodium and phosphorus?
By increasing cell membrane permeability to sodium and phosphorus from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of the kidneys
What effect does GH have on the immune response?
Increase
How does GH increase the immune response?
Increase of the number of structures that produce antibodies
How does GH affect oxygen transport?
Increase
How does GH increase oxygen transport?
By increasing the synthesis of erythropoietin
What effect does GH have on breast development and milk production?
Increase
How does GH increase milk production?
By stimulating the synthesis of prolactin
What stimulates insulin like growth factor?
Growth hormone stimulates the liver to secrete it (IGF1)
What is the primary mediator for growth factor?
Insulin like growth factor
Insulin like growth factor has major effects on what areas?
Skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, nerves, and blood cells
Where is the site of synthesis for insulin like growth factor (somatomedin)?
Liver and kidney
What is the primary function of insulin like growth factor?
Increase linear height (same as STH)
How does insulin like growth factor increase linear height?
Stimulates the enzymes of protein anabolism and osteoblast cell activity
What is the secondary function of insulin like growth factor?
Decrease plasma glucose
How does insulin like growth factor decrease plasma glucose?
Increases cellular uptake of glucose
Factors that increase what other hormone also increase IGF1?
STH
Factors that decrease what other hormone also decrease IGF1?
STH
Where is somatoliberian (SRF) synthesized?
Hypothalamus
What class is somatoliberian (SRF)?
Chemical (but PPP ***)
What is the primary function of somatoliberian?
Increase STH secretion
What is the secondary function of somatoliberian (SRF)?
Increase all hormones of the adenohypophysis
All of the factors that increase what hormone’s secretion will also increase somatoliberian (SRF)
STH (same with decreasing factors)
What is the site of synthesis of somatostatin (SS)?
Hypothalamus, stomach, small intestine, delta cells from the isle of langerhans
What effect does somatostatin have on all of the hormones of the adenohypophysis?
Decrease
What effect does somatostatin have on the immune response?
Decrease
What effect does somatostatin have on digestion?
Decrease
What effect does somatostatin have on CNS activity?
Could be either increase OR decrease
All of the factors that decrease what hormone actually increase somatostatin?
STH
All of the factors that increase what hormone actually decrease somatostatin?
STH
