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Endocrinology Exam One > Chapter 3 - Pituitary Gland Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Pituitary Gland Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location called in between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Pars intermedia

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2
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie?

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

From where does the adenohypophysis originate?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

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4
Q

The anterior pituitary hormones regulate which four physiological processes?

A

Growth, reproduction, stress, and lactation

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5
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone whose target is an endocrine gland

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6
Q

What area of the pituitary gland is known for the release of tropic hormones?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What releases somatotropin (GH)?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

What releases thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone TSH)?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

What releases corticotropins (hormones from the adrenal cortex like ACTH)?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

What releases lactotropins like prolactin?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

What releases gonadotropic hormones like follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

What releases leuteinizing hormones (LH)?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

What releases melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

Intermediate pituitary (but is synthesized by the anterior pituitary)

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14
Q

What hormone is responsible for protein formation, as well as, cell proliferation and differentiation?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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15
Q

What hormone is responsible for the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat?

A

Adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin)

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16
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) controls the production of what two hormones?

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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17
Q

What do thyroxine and triiodothyronine control?

A

Most of the intracellular chemical reactions in the body

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18
Q

What is a thyrotrope?

A

An endocrine cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

What is another term for prolactin (PRL)?

A

Lactotrope

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20
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are what kind of hormones?

A

Gonadotropic

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21
Q

What hormone is responsible for the development of mammary glands and milk production?

A

Prolactin

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22
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is made of what kind of tissue?

A

Glandular

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24
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is made of what kind of tissue?

A

Neural

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25
Q

What part of the pituitary gland stores the hormones?

A

Posterior

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26
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland and synthesized from the hypothalamus?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin

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27
Q

What is the function of vasopressin in the body?

A

Controls water balance

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28
Q

What hormone causes uterine contractions leading to birth?

A

Oxytocin

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29
Q

Increase of oxytocin before birth to cause uterine contractions is an example of what mechanism?

A

Postive feedback

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30
Q

What is another term for the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary axis

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31
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis

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32
Q

What controls overall pituitary secretion?

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

How does the hypothalamus control anterior pituitary secretion?

A

By cell bodies secreting and releasing inhibitory hormones

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34
Q

What hormone releases thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone

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35
Q

What hormone releases adrenocorticotropin?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

36
Q

What hormone is responsible for the release of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

37
Q

What inhibits the release of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) AKA somatostatin

38
Q

What hormone is responsible for the release of LH and FSH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

39
Q

What is the other name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

40
Q

What does growth hormone increase?

A

Size of cells and overall mitosis

41
Q

What disorder involves the overproduction of growth hormone during mid-adulthood leading to increased growth of the bones of the hands, feet, and face?

A

Acromegaly

42
Q

What is the primary function of GH or STH?

A

Increase linear height in children

43
Q

What is the secondary function of GH or STH?

A

Stimulates metabolism

44
Q

How does GH or STH increase linear height in children?

A

Stimulate enzymes of protein and the synthesis of somatomedin

45
Q

How does GH or STH stimulate metabolism?

A

Stimulates the enzymes of protein anabolism, carbohydrate catabolism, and lipid catabolism

46
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on blood glucose?

A

Increase

47
Q

What effect does GH have on the synthesis of glucagon?

A

Increase

48
Q

What effect does GH have on the synthesis of cortisol?

A

Increase

49
Q

What effect does GH have on carbohydrate catabolism?

A

Increase

50
Q

What effect does GH have on insulin?

A

Acts as an insulin antagonist

51
Q

What effect does GH have on blood pressure?

A

Increase

52
Q

How can increased levels of GH affect the heart?

A

Through its increase of blood pressure

53
Q

How does GH increase blood pressure?

A

By increasing the number of solutes in plasma

54
Q

What effect does GH have on plasma calcium?

A

Increase

55
Q

How does GH increase plasma calcium?

A

By increasing intestinal absorption of calcium

56
Q

What effect does GH have on sodium and phosphorus levels?

A

Increased renal absorption of them

57
Q

How does GH increase renal absorption of sodium and phosphorus?

A

By increasing cell membrane permeability to sodium and phosphorus from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of the kidneys

58
Q

What effect does GH have on the immune response?

A

Increase

59
Q

How does GH increase the immune response?

A

Increase of the number of structures that produce antibodies

60
Q

How does GH affect oxygen transport?

A

Increase

61
Q

How does GH increase oxygen transport?

A

By increasing the synthesis of erythropoietin

62
Q

What effect does GH have on breast development and milk production?

A

Increase

63
Q

How does GH increase milk production?

A

By stimulating the synthesis of prolactin

64
Q

What stimulates insulin like growth factor?

A

Growth hormone stimulates the liver to secrete it (IGF1)

65
Q

What is the primary mediator for growth factor?

A

Insulin like growth factor

66
Q

Insulin like growth factor has major effects on what areas?

A

Skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, nerves, and blood cells

67
Q

Where is the site of synthesis for insulin like growth factor (somatomedin)?

A

Liver and kidney

68
Q

What is the primary function of insulin like growth factor?

A

Increase linear height (same as STH)

69
Q

How does insulin like growth factor increase linear height?

A

Stimulates the enzymes of protein anabolism and osteoblast cell activity

70
Q

What is the secondary function of insulin like growth factor?

A

Decrease plasma glucose

71
Q

How does insulin like growth factor decrease plasma glucose?

A

Increases cellular uptake of glucose

72
Q

Factors that increase what other hormone also increase IGF1?

A

STH

73
Q

Factors that decrease what other hormone also decrease IGF1?

A

STH

74
Q

Where is somatoliberian (SRF) synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

What class is somatoliberian (SRF)?

A

Chemical (but PPP ***)

76
Q

What is the primary function of somatoliberian?

A

Increase STH secretion

77
Q

What is the secondary function of somatoliberian (SRF)?

A

Increase all hormones of the adenohypophysis

78
Q

All of the factors that increase what hormone’s secretion will also increase somatoliberian (SRF)

A

STH (same with decreasing factors)

79
Q

What is the site of synthesis of somatostatin (SS)?

A

Hypothalamus, stomach, small intestine, delta cells from the isle of langerhans

80
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on all of the hormones of the adenohypophysis?

A

Decrease

81
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on the immune response?

A

Decrease

82
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on digestion?

A

Decrease

83
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on CNS activity?

A

Could be either increase OR decrease

84
Q

All of the factors that decrease what hormone actually increase somatostatin?

A

STH

85
Q

All of the factors that increase what hormone actually decrease somatostatin?

A

STH

Endocrinology Exam One (5 decks)

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