Chapter 3- Phonology Flashcards
Phonotactic constraints
Restriction on possible combinations of sounds, often in particular environments
Sound substitution
A process whereby sounds that already exists in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word
Contrastive distribution
Two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word
Noncontrastive
A term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language
Phonological rules
The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allolphone appearws
Underlying form
The phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied
Obstruents
A natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off
Sonorants
Sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow
Assimilation
A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some feature(s)
Nasal place assimilation
An alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant
Palatalization
A special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal
Vowel harmony
A back bowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word
Dissimilation
Process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature
Manner deissimilation
A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop
Insertion
Phonological process by which a segment not present in the phonemic (or underlying) form is added in the phonetic form
Voiceless stop insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted
Deletion
Rules that eliminate a sound that was present at the phonemic level; may be deleted in unstressed syllables
Metathesis
When 3 consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel
Aspiration
Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable
Flapping
An alveolar stop is realized as (r) wen it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel
Schhwa insertion
Insert (e) between two sibilants
Voicing assimilation
takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound
Derivation
In phonology, a process by which an underlying form is changed as phonological rules act upon it
Implicational law
Observation about language universals that takes that takes the form of an implication
Phonemes
A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound
