Chapter 3- Phonology

Question 1

Phonotactic constraints

Answer 1

Restriction on possible combinations of sounds, often in particular environments

Question 2

Sound substitution

Answer 2

A process whereby sounds that already exists in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word

Question 3

Contrastive distribution

Answer 3

Two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 4

Noncontrastive

Answer 4

A term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language

Question 5

Phonological rules

Answer 5

The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allolphone appearws

Question 6

Underlying form

Answer 6

The phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied

Question 7

Obstruents

Answer 7

A natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off

Question 8

Sonorants

Answer 8

Sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow

Question 9

Assimilation

Answer 9

A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some feature(s)

Question 10

Nasal place assimilation

Answer 10

An alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant

Question 11

Palatalization

Answer 11

A special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal

Question 12

Vowel harmony

Answer 12

A back bowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word

Question 13

Dissimilation

Answer 13

Process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature

Question 14

Manner deissimilation

Answer 14

A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop

Question 15

Insertion

Answer 15

Phonological process by which a segment not present in the phonemic (or underlying) form is added in the phonetic form

Question 16

Voiceless stop insertion

Answer 16

Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted

Question 17

Deletion

Answer 17

Rules that eliminate a sound that was present at the phonemic level; may be deleted in unstressed syllables

Question 18

Metathesis

Answer 18

When 3 consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel

Question 19

Aspiration

Answer 19

Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable

Question 20

Flapping

Answer 20

An alveolar stop is realized as (r) wen it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel

Question 21

Schhwa insertion

Answer 21

Insert (e) between two sibilants

Question 22

Voicing assimilation

Answer 22

takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound

Question 23

Derivation

Answer 23

In phonology, a process by which an underlying form is changed as phonological rules act upon it

Question 24

Implicational law

Answer 24

Observation about language universals that takes that takes the form of an implication

Question 25

Phonemes

Answer 25

A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound