Chapter 3: Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

• a systematic variation in the way people think, feel, and behave
• referring to the consistency of social behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

Question 2

traits

Answer 2

• central element of personality
• what is consistent

Question 3

Digman’s Big Five Model

Answer 3

-suggests that all people can be described in terms of prevalence to 5 global factors
- openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
-OCEAN

Question 4

openess to experience

Answer 4

how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is

Question 5

Conscientiousness

Answer 5

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Question 6

Extraversion

Answer 6

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Question 7

Agreeableness

Answer 7

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Question 8

Neuroticism

Answer 8

anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability

Question 9

Perspectives on Personality

Answer 9

humanistic
cognitive-behavioral
biological/evolutionary
interactionist

Question 10

humanistic psychology

Answer 10

• psychological perspective that focuses on personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving, and individual dignity
• experiences, beliefs, values, perceptions, are all emphasized in the present moment

Question 11

self-actualization

Answer 11

-an individuals attempt to be the best they can be or a desire to fulfil ones potential (how the world works bo Burnham )
- Orlick, Rogers, Maslow

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 12

• physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
• when basic human needs are met, you can get to the top

Question 13

cognitive-behavioral approach

Answer 13

• social learning theory
• if a situation has an influence on an individual this influence could subsequently have a lasting effect on the individuals personality
• only environment focused : beliefs, expectations, goals

Question 14

social learning theory

Answer 14

People are active agents in shaping their behaviours, influences by their inner drives and environment

Question 15

biological/evolutionary psychology

Answer 15

• personality is biological; moderately inheritable
• not a mix of culture and society
• born with certain personality traits

Question 16

interactionist approach

Answer 16

• majority of behavior is best understood by considering the interaction of personality and the environment
• situational interplay btw. person and environment that determines the behavior of the individual

Question 17

Ethical Considerations

Answer 17

• Issues of research that take into account the welfare of participants
• should not use personality tests to determine team selection because there is low validity
• can use a qualified psychology professional to administer tests
• consider trait vs. state measurements
• state is how you feel in the moment and trait is how you typically feel

Question 18

personality characteristics

Answer 18

perfectionism
passion
mental toughness
grit

Question 19

perfectionism

Answer 19

• Multidimensional personality trait characterized by very high performance standards combined with overly critical self-evaluations
• influences thought, emotions, and behavior
• controversy to whether or not it is associated with positive or negative psychological adjustment

Question 20

Perfectionistic Strivings

Answer 20

• Striving for perfection and setting high standards
• working hard to reach high goals
• self- orientated striving

Question 21

perfectionistic concerns

Answer 21

• Concern over making mistakes and fear of negative evaluation by others.
• what it means when you are not perfect

Question 22

unhealthy perfectionism

Answer 22

• excessive exercise, poor performance, burnout

Question 23

healthy perfectionism

Answer 23

• better learning and performance, adaptive goal patterns

Question 24

is perfectionism good or bad?

Answer 24

• perfectionistic standards become debilitating when their attainment is needed for self-validation , you only think you have to be perfect to be worthy
• can be especially negative in times of failure
• perfectionists are at a greater risk if they have poor coping skills , good coping skills are not as bad and we can support athletes by having good coping skills
• bad coping skills can be a risk and unhealthy to athletes

Question 25

passion

Answer 25

• something you strongly enjoy doing
• not always good to have passion however
• leads to skill development, goals, quality practice

Question 26

harmonious passion

Answer 26

• Engaging in an activity as part of one’s identity and for the pleasure of the activity
• becomes important but not the only focus in life
• ex. playing a sport for enjoyment purposes, identity, personal outcomes
• not trying to get something out of the activity
• associated with task-orientated coping
  -increased effort, problem solving, logistical analysis
• has benefits, increase in life satisfaction and psychological needs satisfaction and achievement goals

Question 27

obsessive passion

Answer 27

• Involves a more rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities because of external control or feelings of guilt
• rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities rather than choice
• ex. playing a sport for awards, social status, avoid feeling guilty, like they have to participate
• can conflict with school, jobs, relationships, etc.
• associated with dysfunctional coping with injury like coping with pain or hiding an injury
• has a cost, decrease in wellbeing

Question 28

harmonious positive outcomes

Answer 28

+ emotions, relationships, ability to concentrate during activities, state of flow

Question 29

obsessive negative outcomes

Answer 29

• emotions, injury, rigid persistence in exercise (no adapting), burnout, aggression