Chapter 3: Perception Flashcards
Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
Perception
What are the four challenges of perception?
Ambiguous stimuli on the receptors
Objects can be hidden or blurred
Objects look different from different viewpoints
Scenes contain high-level information
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
Inverse projection problem
Ability to recognize an object when seen from different viewpoints
Viewpoint invariance
what are the two types of information used by the human perceptual system?
- Environmental
- Knowledge and expectations
Explain bottom-up processing
Starts at the beginning of a system, environmental energy stimulates
Explain top-down processing
Processing that originates in the brain
The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
Speech segmentation
The likelihood that one sound will follow another in a word
Transitional probabilities
The process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language
Statistical learning
We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli
Helmholtz’s likelihood principle
Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions
Unconscious inference (Helmholtz)
Name the Gestalt principles of organization
Good continuation: Points that, when connected, result in continuous lines are seen as belonging together and objects that are overlapped by other objects are seen as continuing behind the overlapping object (ex. cut rope)
Pragnanz: AKA good figure or simplicity, every stimulus pattern is seen in a way such that the resulting structure is as simple as possible (ex. Olympic symbol shapes)
Similarity: Similar things appear to be grouped together (ex. Photo with similar colour clothing as background)
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
Physical regularities
People can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
Oblique effect
We usually perceive light as coming from above
Light-from-above assumption
Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes
Semantic regularities
Knowledge of what a given scene contains
Scene schema
What are the two components of Bayesian inference?
- Prior probability
- Liklihood of the outcome
What is the mathematical procedure of Bayesian inference?
Prior x likelihood
The study of the effect of removing parts of the brain of animals
Brain ablation
Explain Ungerleider and Mishkin’s monkey experiments
Monkeys were presented with an object discrimination and a landmark discrimination task. Object discrimination became difficult for monkeys without a temporal lobe (ventral - what pathway). Landmark discrimination was difficult for monkeys without a parietal lobe (dorsal - where pathway).
Neurons that respond when something is observed or performed
Mirror neurons
Pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe
Perception pathway (what - ventral)
