Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognition > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are six concepts involved in cognition?

A

Perception
Attention
Memory
Problem solving
Reasoning
Decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is meant by “reverse engineering the mind?”

A

Starting from behaviour and making inferences about the workings of the mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is introspection a flawed method of studying cognition?

A

Personal insight does not reveal all cognitive functions, therefore our insights into our own cognition may be limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are five reasons why “common sense” is a poor method of studying cognition?

A

Inconsistent
Post-hoc
Small number of observations
Not predictive
Can be conflicting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the scientific method seek to find?

A

Empirical answers, tangible data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are qualities of observations under the scientific method?

A

Systematic and repeatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three main components of the scientific method?

A

Facts (data)
Theory
Hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is one problem that can arise when generating a hypothesis?

A

Confounding variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are three problems that can arise when designing a study?

A

Not having a representative sample
Not enough participants
Bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are three possible issues when completing analyses?

A

Type l and Type ll errors, false positives
P-hacking
HARKing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is p-hacking?

A

Running many statistical analyses and presenting only the ones that produce significant results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is HARKing?

A

Hypothesis after results are known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are four attributes of a good theory?

A

Predicts
Fits the data
Parsimonious (most simple)
No confounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship between variables

A

Experimental studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is ecological validity important to experimental studies?

A

Sometimes insights drawn from well-designed and well-conducted laboratory experiments still do not fit well with the real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Relationship between variables studied without controlling one or the other

A

Correlational studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two major dependent variables for cognitive studies?

A

Speed of response (reaction time)
Accuracy

18
Q

Which psychologist believed mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant’s behavior?

A

Donders (1868)

19
Q

Which psychologist was a key supporter of analytic introspection?

A

Wundt (1897)

20
Q

Which psychologist proposed behaviorism?

A

Watson

21
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the Watson’s behaviorism?

A

Eliminate the mind as a topic of study
Instead, study directly observable behaviour

22
Q

Which psychologist was interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and responding?

A

Skinner (1950s)

23
Q

Behavior is strengthened by positive or negative reinforcers

A

Operant conditioning

24
Q

Which psychologist argued that children learn language due to an inborn biological program?

A

Chomsky (1959)

25
Q

Which psychologist provided evidence for cognitive maps?

A

Tolman

26
Q

How did the cognitive revolution incorporate both Behaviourist and other psychological perspectives?

A

Measure observable behavior (legacy of Behaviourism)

Consider what this behavior says about how the mind works (i.e., make careful inferences)

Accept introspection under certain circumstances

27
Q

A way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer

A

Information processing approach

28
Q

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind.

A

Cognitive psychology

29
Q

What are two key examples of early experimental research on the mind?

A

Donders’ (simple versus choice reaction time) and Ebbinghaus’ (forgetting curve for nonsense syllables)

30
Q

Explain Donders’ simple vs choice reaction time experiment.

A
  1. Measured simple reaction time by recording how quickly participants could push a button when they saw a light go on
  2. Measured choice reaction time by recording how quickly participants could push a button associated with the side (left or right) on which the light turned on
31
Q

Explain the steps in Donders’ reaction time experiment.

A

Presenting the stimulus, mental response, behavioural response

32
Q

Explain Ebbinghaus’ memory experiment.

A

Determined how long it took to a learn a list of nonsensical syllables, and then how long it took to relearn said list.

33
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’ key finding with respect to the memory experiment?

A

The decrease in savings (remembering) with increasing delays indicates that forgetting occurs rapidly over the first two days but more slowly afterwards.

34
Q

The operation of the mind cannot be observed directly…

A

Its operation must be inferred from what we can measure.

35
Q

What was the dominant theoretical approach and method of Wundt’s laboratory?

A

Structuralism, analytic introspection

36
Q

What did James use as the basis of his textbook Principles of Psychology?

A

Observations of his own mind

37
Q

What was behaviouralism’s central tenet?

A

Psychology was properly studied by measuring observable behaviour, invisible mental processes were not valid topics

38
Q

What was Edward Tolman’s contribution to behaviourism?

A

Studied cognitive processes (internal)

39
Q

Describe the 1950s cognitive revolution

A

Decline of behaviourism, reemergence of the study of the mind

40
Q

Which four events inspired the cognitive revolution?

A
  1. Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’ book
  2. Introduction of the digital computer
  3. Cherry’s attention experiments and Broadbent’s introduction of attention flow diagrams
  4. Interdisciplinary conferences at Dartmouth and MIT
41
Q

What were four major developments in the study of the mind past the 60s?

A
  1. Development of more-sophisticated models
  2. Research focusing on the physiological basis of cognition
  3. Concerns with cognition in the real world
  4. The role of knowledge in cognition

Cognition (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions