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Cognition > Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the physiological basis of cognition

A

Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

A topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing to its own dimension of our understanding

A

Levels of analysis

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3
Q

The idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells.

A

Neuron doctrine

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4
Q

The metabolic centre of the neuron

A

Cell body

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5
Q

Branch out from the cell body, receive signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Long processes that transmit signals to other neurons

A

Axons

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7
Q

Small gap in between the end of an axon and the dendrites/cell body of another

A

Synapse

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8
Q

Groups of interconnected neurons which are in turn connected

A

Neural circuits

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9
Q

Neurons that are specialized to pick up information in the environment

A

Receptors

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10
Q

What are the three main concepts introduced by Cajal?

A

Individual neurons, synapses, and neural circuits

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11
Q

Value (millivolts) at which neurons stay when there are no signals

A

Resting potential (-70 millivolts)

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12
Q

Energy transmitted down an axon when a neuron is stimulated

A

Nerve impulse (leading to action potential)

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13
Q

What property makes action potentials ideal for transmitting signals over a distance?

A

No change in height or shape (signal remains the same size)

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14
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released

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15
Q

What is the relationship discovered by Adrian between the intensity of a stimulus and nerve firing?

A

Electrical signals are representing the intensity of the stimulus - the more intense the stimulus, the greater the rate of nerve firing - and this is related to the magnitude of the experience

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16
Q

How can different qualities and experiences of stimuli be explained?

A

Different stimuli activate different neurons and areas of the brain.

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17
Q

Explain the principle of neural representation.

A

Everything that a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system.

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18
Q

Neurons that respond to specific stimulus features.

A

Feature detectors

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19
Q

Phenomenon in which the structure of the brain is changed by experience.

A

Experience-dependent plasticity

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20
Q

Explain Blakemore and Cooper’s (1970) experiment on experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Reared kittens in an environment with only verticals, found that visual cortex was reshaped such that it responded mainly to neurons

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21
Q

Progression from lower to higher levels of the brain

A

Hierarchical processing

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22
Q

The problem of neural representation for the senses

A

Problem of sensory coding

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23
Q

How neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

Sensory code

24
Q

The representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

A

Population coding

25
Q

When a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons

A

Sparse coding

26
Q

Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

A

Localization of function

27
Q

Layer of tissue about 3mm thick which covers the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

28
Q

Located below the cortex

A

Subcortical areas

29
Q

The study of the behaviour of people with brain damage

A

Neuropsychology

30
Q

Describe characteristics of Broca’s aphasia

A

Slow, laboured, ungrammatical speech

31
Q

Describe characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Fluent, grammatically correct speech that tends to be incoherent

32
Q

Name key pieces of evidence for the localization of function in the brain

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
WW1 damage to the occipital lobe (blindness)
Recording from single neurons
Brain imaging (fMRI research)

33
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Upper temporal lobe

34
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

35
Q

Which area of the brain is associated with sensory coordination and higher functioning

A

Frontal lobe

36
Q

An inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

37
Q

Describe double dissociation

A

Damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present

38
Q

Explain how fMRI works

A

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the blood, increasing its magnetic properties such that when a magnetic field is presented to the brain, oxygenated hemoglobin molecules respond more strongly

39
Q

Damage to which part of the brain causes prosopagnosia?

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

40
Q

Area associated with spatial layout

A

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

41
Q

Area associated with bodies and parts of bodies

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

42
Q

Explain the principle of cognition saying that most of our experience is multidimensional

A

Even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities

43
Q

Activates many areas of the brain

A

Distributed representation

44
Q

Memories for events in a person’s life

A

Episodic memories

45
Q

Memories for facts

A

Semantic memories

46
Q

Interconnected areas of the brain that can communicate with each other

A

Neural networks

47
Q

What are the four principles associated with neural networks?

A
  1. There are structural pathways called networks
  2. Within the structural pathways are functional pathways that serve different functions
  3. Networks operate dynamically
  4. There is a resting state of brain activity
48
Q

The brain’s “wiring diagram” created by nerve axons that connect different brain areas

A

Structural connectivity

49
Q

Structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain

A

Connectome

49
Q

Imaging technique based on how water diffuses down the length of nerve fibres

A

Track-weighted imaging (TWI)

49
Q

The extent to which activity in two areas of the brain are correlated

A

Functional connectivity

49
Q

Name a method to determine functional connectivity

A

Resting-state fMRI

50
Q

Describe the four steps in resting-state functional connectivity tests

A
  1. Use task-related fMRI to determine a brain location associated with a task
  2. Measure resting-state fMRI at the seed location
  3. Measure resting-state fMRI at the test location
  4. Calculate the correlation between the seed and test location responses
51
Q

A network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific tasks

A

Default mode network (DFM)

52
Q

What are the 3 key questions?

A

The representation question: “How are cognitions represented by neural firing?”
The organization question: “How are cognitions localized in different areas of the brain?”
The communication question: “How are different areas of the brain connected and how do they communicate?”

Cognition (9 decks)

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