Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, DNA and ATP Flashcards
What are the types of nucleic acids? What are they and what are they made of?
DNA and RNA
Polymers made of nucleotides as monomers
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
Pentose Sugar (Ribose/Deoxyribose)
Phosphate Group, acidic and negatively charged
Nitrogenous Base
How is the sugar phosphate back bone named and made?
Condensation reactions between phosphate and ribose
Phosphate bonded to the 5th carbon of ribose
The 3rd carbon of a ribose bonded to a phosphate below it
The direction of the DNA strand is determined by the leftover phosphate and hydroxyl e.g 3’ to 5’ when starts with hydroxyl 3, or 5’ to 3’ when starting with phosphate
Which of the bases are purines?
A and G
(Pyramids need CT scans)
Which of the bases contain two carbon rings?
A and G
Describe the structure of DNA
Two polynucleotide (nucleic acid) strands coiled in a double helix, phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
Held together by a ladder of hydrogen bonds between bases
Run anti parallel to each other, sense strand= 5’ to 3’, antisense=3’ to 5’, each has a phosphate at one end (5’) and a Hydroxyl at the other (3’)
What are the base pairing rules and why do they occur?
Adenine bonds to Thymine or Uracil
Cytosine bonds to Guanine
Due to hydrogen bonds
A=T 2 hydrogens bonds, C=-G 3 hydrogen bonds
Difference between DNA and RNA
DNA larger, cannot leave the nucleus, hundreds of genes, Deoxyribose, Thymine, double stranded/ two polynucleotides
RNA smaller, can leave nucleus, one gene, Ribose, Uracil, single stranded/ one polynucleotide
After protein synthesis, RNA is degraded into nucleotides via hydrolysis
Why is ATP said to be a universal energy currency?
Used to transfer energy in all cells of all living things
Why do cells require energy?
Synthesis of larger molecules like proteins
Transport e.g active transport
Movement such as vesicles
What is the full name and structure of ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
3 phosphates joined together, then a ribose and adenine
How does ATP release energy?
Removing one phosphate from ATP requires minimal energy, but when phosphate undergoes further reactions of bond formation, lots of energy released
So exothermic reaction to release energy
How much energy is related from ATP?
30.6KJ/mol
What is the equation for ATP syntheses / breakdown and how?
ATP + H2O = ADP + P + energy via hydrolysis
Reverse releases ATP, condensation
What is phosphorylation? Where is it used?
Adding a phosphate group
Used via cellular respiration, what ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
