Chapter 17 Photosynthesis Flashcards
What is the process of chemiosmosis within photosynthesis?
Excited electrons pass through the electron transport chain, between carrier molecules
As the electron moves down the chain, energy is transferred to the surroundings
At the cytochrome complex, this energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid membrane from the stroma
Due of the natural concentration gradient, H + diffuse through the enzyme ATP synthase into the stroma, with the enzyme harnessing the proton motive force to produce ATP from ADP and P
What is the process of Non-Cyclic phosphorylation?
Light is absorbed by electrons in PSII causing electrons to excite
The electrons are passed to electron acceptor molecules, passing through the electron transport chain, eventually leading to PSI
Energy is transferred from the high energy electrons to pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. Protons diffuse back into the thylakoid via ATP synthase, which harnesses the energy from the proton motor force to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. THIS IS CHEMIOSMOSIS
Photolysis of water, with the electrons replacing that lost at P680, catalysed
At the same time, electrons are excited from P700 passing to another electron transport chain, generating more ATP via chemiosmosis
The final electron acceptor is NADP, which is reduced with electrons and protons to NADPH
What is the process of cyclic phosphorylation?
Electrons excited at PSI
Passed to electron carrier molecules, which return the electron to PSI
Enables chemiosmosis to occur due to energy pumping hydrogen ions, so produces ATP
But as electrons not being replaced, cannot produce NAPDH
When does cyclic photophosphorylation occur?
When there is little NADP available
When there are particularly high ATP demands
What is photolysis?
The breakdown of water using light, into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons, catalysed by enzymes
What are the stages of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis? Titles only
Excitation of electrons at PSII
Electron transport chain to PSI
Chemiosmosis to produce ATP
Photolysis of water to replace electrons lost
Excitation of electrons at PSI
NADP reductase to form NAPDH
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
What happens during the light independent stage of photosynthesis?
Ribulose Biphosphate (5C) combines with Carbon Dioxide in the stroma, catalysed by RuBisCO
Unstable intermediate breaks down into 2 glycerate-3-phosphate GP molecules
Using energy from ATP and Hydrogens from NADPH, GP is turned into 2 Triose Phosphate molecules
Most of the TP is used to regenerate RuBP, a small amount the starting point for other complex molecules e.g carbohydrates
What are the names of the 3 main stages of the Calvin Cycle?
Fixation- of CO2 into GP
Reduction- of GP into TP
Regeneration- of RuBP
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to produce a glucose molecule?
6
So 6 CO2 is needed
10 TP used to regenerate RuBP, 2 TP used to form glucose
What is the compensation point and compensation period?
The rate at which photosynthesis is equal to respiration- amount of CO2 uptake cancels production
Period- amount of time needed to reach the compensation point
What are the components of chloroplasts?
Starch granules
Ribosomes
DNA
Intergranal Lamellae
Thylakoids and Granum
Stroma
What parts of the chloroplast are adapted for photosynthesis and how?
Thylakoid Membranes- contain photosynthetic pigments
Stroma- contains enzymes for light independent reaction
What is an antennae complex?
The arrangement of the photosynthetic pigments into a cone shape
What is a photosystem?
The collection of light harvesting pigments (antennae complex) and reaction centre (Chlorophyll)
What happens when light hits a photosystem?
May hit the reaction centre directly
Or excitation of electrons within other photosynthetic pigments leads to energy transferred eventually to the reaction centre