Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology OCR A > Chapter 10 Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

Identify species and where they belong
Predict characteristics of other organisms in the group
To find evolutionary links, common ancestors?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a taxonomic group?

A

The hierarchal (formed of lots of smaller groups in sequences) groups of classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a species?

A

The smallest group in which two organisms can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you name organism? What is the system called and what is each part known as?

A

Genus species

Italics or underlined
First letter of genus capitalised, rest lower case

Binomial nomenclature
Genus= general name Species= specific name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryotae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotae and protoctista?

A

Both are unicellular but protocista contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some features of fungi?

A

Uni or multi cellular
Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, Chitin cell wall
Saprophytic feeders
Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of feeders are animals and plants?

A

Animals are heterotrophic feeders, ingest others
Plants are autotrophic feeders, make own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Woese use to classify the domains?

A

The number of proteins in RNA polymerase, and mitochondria size
Eukarya= 12 80s
Archae= 8-10 70s
Bacteria= 5 70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the differences between archae and bacteria?

A

Archae have 8-10 proteins in RNA polymerase, cell walls without peptidoglycan, ether lipids, and similar transcription to eukarya

Mostly found in extreme conditions

Bacteria have 5 proteins in RNA polymerase, peptidoglycan, ester lipids, and operons for transcription

Found in everyday conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the domain of protocista?

A

Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is phylogeny? How is it related to classification?

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

The closeness of the evolutionary relationships between organisms is used to determine grouping. Closer relationship, move likely overlap in taxonomic groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A

Gives evolutionary history, and so species linkage, rather than placing into groups
Includes time to compare how long a species has been present
Used to test evolutionary relationships between organisms and predict new divergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main evidence of evolution?

A

Palaeontology, using fossils and comparing anatomy
Comparative Biochemistry, using similarities in biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do fossils support the theory of evolution?

A

Simplest organisms in oldest rocks e.g bacteria and invertebrates, vertebrates and complex in more recent, developing to more complex over time

Sequence matches order, plants needed for animals

Comparing anatomy within the fossils to see which fossils are related, and compare this anatomy to species still present today

Establish relationship to current day species, so related.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structured which appear superficially different in different organisms but have the same underlying structure
Suggests divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you use comparative biochemistry to show relationships between organisms?

A

Look at the amino acid sequence of molecules resistant to change such as Cytochrome C and rRNA
The more similar the amino acid sequence, the closer related the organisms

Look at the base sequence of DNA
The more similar the base sequence, the closer related the organism

Works as most substitutions neutral, highly conserved, so would not affect function greatly but can show divergence into species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of variation?

A

Interspecific Variation- between members of different species
Intraspecific Variation- between members of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A

Mutations, Alleles forming
Meiosis:
- crossing over between non-sister chromatids in prophase 1, recombinant
- independent assortment in metaphase

Sexual Reproduction with two sets of allele passed to the offspring
Random chance of which gametes will be fused

22
Q

How are continuous and discontinuous variation displayed?

A

Continuous- histogram without bars with line of best fit, normal distribution
Discontinuous- bar charts

23
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A

Anatomical- physical features
Behavioural- the way the organism acts
Physiological - processes that take place in the organism

24
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Characteristics which increases an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

25
Q

What are analogous structures? Why do they arise?

A

Structures which perform the same function but genetic origins/ details are different
Due to organisms sharing a similar niche, resulting in similar characteristics
Suggests convergent evolution

26
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Unrelated species start to show similar characteristics due to selection pressures, environment…
E.g Marsupial and Placental Moles both burrow in soft ground, velvety fur,

27
Q

When are paired t-tests used?

A

When the same sample is being tested before and after a test
e.g Results of Students in School A tested before and after eating

Uses the differences in the sample for the equation
I guess can be happen, can be paired to itself as it is itself

28
Q

What is the kingdom of algae?

A

Protocista as even through they are autotrophic, they are unicellular so cannot be plants

29
Q

What are examples of anatomical adaptations?

A

Body coverings such as hair, scales and spines, to help stay warm and provide protection
Camouflage- harder for predators to find them
Teeth- shape related to diet, molars vs canines
Mimicry- copy appearance of more dangerous species e.g milk Vs coral snake

30
Q

What are examples of behavioural adaptions and how do they help?

A

To help survival such as playing possum
Finding partners- dances like scorpions and peacock
Seasonal behaviour to cope with changing climates, migration

31
Q

What are the two types of behavioural adaptations?

A

Learned- learnt in life, such as use of tools
Innate- from genes, such as spiders building webs

32
Q

What are examples of physiological adaptations and how do they help?

A

Poison production to prevent being eaten
Antibiotic production to kill bacteria

33
Q

Why may organisms form different taxonomic groups share similar characteristics? Give an example

A

An example of convergent evolution, where the environment and selection pressures have led to shared characteristics, analogous structures
E.g Marsupial Moles and Placental Moles both burrow and are streamlined, despite living in separate countries as environments are similar

34
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

Factors that affect an organisms chance of survival or reproductive success

35
Q

What is the mechanism of natural selection?

A

Organisms display variation, caused by mutations. Organisms whose characteristics are advantageous to survival, have increased chance of survival and reproducing successful, with these advantages genes passed to their offspring
Less adapted organisms die and fail to reproduce, in survival of the fittest
Depending on nature of allele, may reduce likelihood of a non allele breeding with an allele
This process is repeated over generations, increasing the proportion of organisms with the allele
Leads to the production of a new species as genetic differences to great to interbreed

36
Q

Give examples of how evolution of other organisms has affected humans?

A

Flavobacterium- digest nylon by gene duplications and frame shift, helps environment
Anti biotic resistance- MRSA, DNA altered during replication, resistant to antibiotics, over time on this allele remains
Blowflies and diazinon- resistance to pesticide and pass on alleles for it

37
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms, following from the 3 domains?

A

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protocista

38
Q

Why might divergent evolution occur?

A

A change in habitat/ loss of/ or migration
When a common ancestor will evolve to form two different species with a different set of characteristics

39
Q

What causes variation?

A

Differences with the genetic material of an organism compared to others- alleles, mutations, meiosis, sexual reproduction so individual is different to its parents as inherits from both. Chance.
Environment the organism lives in- plants, positioning, scars,

Most a mix of both

40
Q

What is the difference between the type and pattern of variation?

A

Type= intra/interspecific variation
Pattern= continuous, discrete

41
Q

Why do bats and birds both have wings but these are classified as analogous structures?

A

Similar niches
So in intraspecific competition with each other, similar selection pressures
Wings advantageous to both to survive and consume prey

42
Q

What are disadvantages of phylogenetic trees?

A

Assumes that traits are from common ancestors but can evolve randomly
Needs accurate date, cannot be limited

43
Q

How do fossils tell us about timings of organisms? What are disadvantages of using fossils?

A

The deeper the fossil, the longer it has been present, so the older the organism

The fossil record is not compete record, could be destroyed, not fossilised at the time, or waiting to be discovered

44
Q

How do you calculate degrees of freedom for paired and unpaired t-tests?

A

Paired- n in population -1
Unpaired- n in populations (both) -2

45
Q

When do you use t-tests?

A

When comparing the means of two different samples, or the same sample before and after

46
Q

How do you set out a t-test?

A

State null hypothesis: assume there is no significant statistical difference between the factors
State alternative hypothesis
Carry out test with means and standard deviations
Compare calculated value to degrees of freedom value

If calculated>d of f, there is less than a 5% probability the results have occurred due to chance, so there is a significant difference between the factors

If calculated<d of f, there is more than a 5% probability the results have occurred due to chance, so there is not a significant difference between the factors

47
Q

When do you use paired and unpaired t-tests?

A

Paired- same sample, before and after a certain condition e.g at 20 degrees vs 40

Unpaired- 2 different samples, in certain conditions, e.g 2 different colonies of bacteria tests in blue light

Generally always paired

48
Q

What tables do you use for Spearman’s rank?

A

Only with N rather than d of e
N=number of pairs used

49
Q

What are the differences and similarities between marsupial moles and placental moles?

A

Marsupial moles- the embryo moves into the marsupium (pouch) where it will continue to develop
Placental moles- placenta connects the embryos to its mother circulatory system, continue to grow to maturity

However, both are similar due to similar niches. Both burrow, streamlined body, velvety fur and so an example of convergent evolution (one lives in Australia, the other in North America)

50
Q

What can you conclude about significance from a percentage change of 5%?

A

Nothing about significance
Need to perform a statistical test

51
Q

What is the degrees of freedom value for chi squared?

A

N-1
Where N is the number of categories, e.g if flowers are white, pink, and red, n=3

Biology OCR A (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions