[Chapter 3] Molecules of Life

Question 1

Organic Compounds

Answer 1

The molecules of life are organic compounds, contains carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Most of these molecules also have one or more functional groups: certain atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon

Question 2

Living things consist mainly of…..

Answer 2

oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Most of their oxygen and hydrogen are in the form of water. Carbon makes up more than half of what is left.

Question 3

hydroxyl

Answer 3

In alcohols (ex, sugars, amino acids); water soluble

Question 4

methyl

Answer 4

In fatty acid chains; insoluble in water

Question 5

carbonyl

Answer 5

In sugars, amino acids, nucleotides; water soluble. An aldehyde if at end of a carbon backbone; a ketone if attched to an interior carbon of backbone

Question 6

carboxyl

Answer 6

In amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates; water soluble. Highly polar; acts as an acid (releases H+)

Question 7

amino

Answer 7

In amino acids and certain nucleotide bases; water soluble, acts as a weak base (accepts H+)

Question 8

phosphate

Answer 8

In nucleotides (ex, ATP), also in DNA, RNA, many proteins, phospholipids; water soluble, acidic

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

refers to activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they construct, rearrange, and split organic compounds

Question 10

condensation

Answer 10

two molecules covalently bond into a larger one

Question 11

cleavage

Answer 11

a molecule splits into two smaller ones, as by hydrolysis, the reverse of condensation

Question 12

functional group transfer

Answer 12

one molecule gives up a functional group entirely, and a different molecule immediately accepts it

Question 13

electron transfer

Answer 13

one or more electrons taken from one molecule are donated to another molecule

Question 14

rearrangement

Answer 14

juggling of internal bonds converts one type of organic compound to another

Question 15

monomers

Answer 15

to build larger molecules that are the structural and functional parts of cells

Question 16

polymers

Answer 16

chains of three to millions of monomers

Question 17

carbohydrates

Answer 17

are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. There’s three main types, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polyssaccharides

Question 18

monosaccharides

Answer 18

(one sugar unit) are the simplest carbohydrates. Have at least two hydroxyl groups and one ketone or aldehyde group bonded to a carbon backbone (ex, glucose)

Question 19

Oligosaccharide

Answer 19

a short chain of covalently bonded sugar monomers (ex, sucrose)

Question 20

polysaccharides

Answer 20

straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers-often hundreds or thousands. Most common polysaccharides are cellulose, glycogen and starch

Question 21

starch

Answer 21

plant cells store their photosynthetically produced glucose as starch

Question 22

glycogen

Answer 22

In animal cell, glycogen is the sugar storage equivalent of start in plants.

Question 23

lipids

Answer 23

fatty, oily, waxy organic compounds that are insoluble in water

Question 24

fatty acids

Answer 24

simple organic compounds with a carboxyl group that is joined to a backbone of four to thirty-six carbon atoms

Question 25

Fats

Answer 25

are lipids with 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids that dangle like tails from a small alcohol called glycerol

Question 26

saturated fats

Answer 26

the fatty acid backbones have only single covalent bonds

Question 27

unsaturated fats

Answer 27

have one or more double covalent bonds

Question 28

trans fatty acids

Answer 28

a double bond keeps them straight

Question 29

phospholipids

Answer 29

have a polar head with a phosphate in it, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails

Question 30

sterols

Answer 30

are lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

Question 31

protein

Answer 31

an organic ccompound composed of one or more chains of animo acids

Question 32

amino acid

Answer 32

a small organic compound with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and one or more atoms called an R group.

Question 33

nucleotide ATP

Answer 33

ATP(adenosine triphosphate) has a row of three phosphate groups attached to its sugar

Question 34

nucleic acids

Answer 34

single or double stranded chains of nucleotides

Question 35

DNA

Answer 35

or deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded nucleic acid is a polymer of four kinds of nucleotide monomers: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

Question 36

RNA

Answer 36

or ribonucleic acid, four kinds of nucleotide monomers, most RNAs are single stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine