Chapter 3- Methods and Materials of Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Flashcards
Structures that will be erected on very weak soils, such as those with high silt content, may need to use deep foundations such as __ and __.
Piles, Caissons
Ammonia has a flammability range between __ __ percent.
15-25%
Some materials are strong in tension and weak or unsuitable in compression. __ __ rope is a good example of this.
Manila Hemp
Specific terms are used to describe the size of a structural member:
Board: < or equal to __ inch nominal thickness.
Dimensional Lumber: __ - __ inch nominal thickness.
Timber: > or equal to __ inch nominal thickness.
2
2-4
5
Wood varies greatly in its compressive strength, depending on the __ in which the load is applied.
Direction
Thin wood veneers laid parallel to the length of the member.
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Long veneers laid parallel, but in a more random arrangement.
Parallel Strand lumber (PSL)
Similar to OSB but with longer 12 inch flaked wood strands.
Laminated strand lumber (LSL)
Natural stone buildings will spall when exposed to fire. __ particularly is subject to spalling.
Granite
__ is almost equally strong in compression and tension. Usually __ is tested only in tension.
Steel
__ __ concrete is a special type of lightweight concrete (1/4 the weight of traditional concrete) that is cured in a factory kiln under high pressure, creating millions of small cells inside the concrete. It has performed well in fire resistance testing, but may not have the compressive strength of traditional concrete.
Aerated autoclave
__ iron is malleable and contains little carbon (0.2%).
Wrought
__ iron is a very brittle material with high carbon content (3-4%). If heated in a fire, it can easily fail when struck with cold water from a hose stream.
Cast
Structural steel, in common use today, is an alloy composed of iron and carbon (<2%). It has three negative characteristics in fires:
- It conducts heat.
- When heated, it elongates and may push through any barrier.
- It fails at about 1,000-1100 degrees F.
__ melts at very typical fire temperatures.
Aluminum
(polystyrene) can produce flaming, dripping plastic, which will produce secondary fires.
Thermoplastics
(polyurethane) are plastics that char and burn, but do not flow.
Thermosets
__ is a composite multilayer sheathing panel system; it is composed of a polystyrene foam plastic base covered with a water resistant coating and fiberglass mesh and an acrylic finish.
EIFS; Exterior Insulation Finishing System
The __ of a material affects its ability to resist a compressive load or a deflective one.
Shape
Shape is not a consideration in __ loads.
Tensile
__ give steel a greater ability to span a gap, without unacceptable deflection or bending, than the same steel would have as a flat plate.
Corrugations
A material other than water, aggregate, and cement used as an ingredient in concrete or mortar.
Admixture
Any variety of materials, such as sand and gravel, added to a cement mixture to make concrete.
Aggregate
A set of regulations passed in 1990 that includes, among other things, regulations requiring areas of refuge for disabled people in multistory buildings.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Regulates the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for minimum levels of health and safety. Regulates the level and amount of fire protection in a new structure.
Building Code
A shaft of concrete placed under a building column or wall extending down to bedrock.
Caisson
Precast hollow or solid structural blocks. Sometimes referred to as cinder block.
Concrete masonry unit (CMU)
Grooved ridged material, often metal.
Corrugation
Internal bracing that transfers the lateral earth pressures between opposing walls through compressive struts.
Crosslot bracing
Temporary shoring, formwork, beams, or lateral bracing to support the work in the process of construction; also known as formwork.
Falsework
Regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features such as automatic sprinklers and fire doors, hazardous materials, and general fire safety precautions.
Fire code
A fire rated assembly that subdivides a building to prevent the spread of fire such as between dwelling units in a multiple dwelling.
Fire partition
A structural element used to strengthen the roof of a structure over large areas.
Folded plate
Thick concrete pads, usually heavily reinforced, which transfer loads of piers or columns to the ground.
Footing
A natural mineral used in the manufacture of drywall and plaster. Composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Gypsum
A construction technique in which a set of prefabricated modules are transported to and assembled at a construction site, creating a building.
Modular construction
A type of board made of layers of strands of wood cut from logs, with a fairly constant width to length ratio.
Oriented strand board (OSB)
One of a series of large timbers or steel sections driven into the soft ground down to bedrock to provide a solid foundation for the superstructure of a building.
Pile
Extensive structural failure initiated by local structural damage or a chain reaction of failures following damage to a small portion of a structure.
Progressive collapse
Braced sheeting used in soil walls to protect against collapse.
Raker
Stabilization of outer walls, overhangs, floors, and walls to resist destruction by an earthquake.
Seismic protection
The foundation and footings.
Substructure
Any structure above the substructure.
Superstructure
Units composed of two or more glass panes in a hermetically sealed frame.
Thermal pane windows
Braced sheeting used in soil walls to protect against collapse.
Tieback
A large, rigid gypsum sheet that is fastened to the frame of a building and provides the surface finish.
Wallboard
