Chapter 2- Concepts of Construction Flashcards
NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code, _____ are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes.
Loads
The internal forces that resist the load are called
Stress and Strain.
__, a term meaning 1,000 pounds, is used in engineering calculations where the number would be so large as to be unwieldy.
KIP
Generally, four types of forces can be applied to a structural member: __, __, __, and __.
compression, tension, torsion, shear.
Today, buildings can be considered as being bought
by the pound
__ loads can be accurately calculated.
Dead
__ loads are indeterminate. The __ load must be estimated based on the projected use of the building and such variables as snow, wind, or rain.
Live
Water weighs __ pounds per gallon, so a 1,000 gallon per minute master stream will potentially add over 4 tons of weight to the building in just 1 minute.
8.34
__ loads are loads that are applied slowly and remain constant.
Static
Two closely related structural frames, the __ __ and the __ __, are also used in buildings to resist lateral wind and earthquake loads (and, more recently, the lateral blast loads from a terrorist’s bomb). ____ ____ uses diagonal memebers for bracing purposes, while ____ _____ uses a special moment connects between columns and beams that resist rotation.
Braced frame, Moment frame
Very tall high-rise buildings are built to take the wind load on the __ __ rather than on the __ __.
Exterior walls, interior core.
A steel beam resting on a masonry wall is an example of a __ __ load.
Concentrated dead.
A safe is a __ __ load.
Concentrated live.
Wood, paper and similar materials are estimated at __ btu/lb.
8000
For plastics and combustible liquids, __ btu/lb is a common estimate, though the caloric value for some of these fuels is much higher.
16000
Under this system, plastics were converted into equivalent pounds on the basis that __ pound of plastics equals __ pounds of wood.
1, 2.
A fire load of 80,000 Btu/sq ft or 10 lbs of ordinary combustibles/sq ft is approximately the equivalent of a __ hour exposure to the standard fire endurance test ASTM E-119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
1
Steel, which has a safety factor of __; masonry constructed in place might have a safety factor of __.
2, 10.
Concrete is a relatively inexpensive material that is strong in __ but weak in __.
Compression, tension.
The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by the __ of its depth.
Square
__ can support axial loads but are not designed to handle rotational moments
Trusses
Wooden __ chord trusses are being used for floors and roofs in single family homes, row houses, apartment houses, and smaller office buildings.
Parallel
The top chord of a truss is in __.
Compression
The bottom chord is in __.
Tension