Chapter 13- Specific Occupancy Related Construction Hazards Flashcards
Exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of various materials:
- Solid masonry
- Brick veneer over platform wood frame
- Partially solid masonry, partially brick veneer on wood
- Wood
The usual height limit for these structures is __ stories, although __ stories is now becoming commonplace.
3
4
The __ of fixtures, __ __, and the __ supply due to interconnected voids make early collapse a real hazard in these structures.
Weight
Structure cuts
Air
Tenants of garden apartments should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways:
- Be fully insured for the value of all personal property.
- Keep property of unique value in a bank vault.
- Call the Fire department immediately if a fire or gas leak is suspected.
- In a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems inconsequential.
Space is generally limited when it comes to parking. The preincident plan review should address this problem, including calling for a minimum of __ feet of clear width, proper __ __, __ __ of curbs, and __.
20
Turning radii
Red striping
Signage
It is the only construction material that does not yield heat when burned in pure oxygen.
Gypsum
The fire wall should be extended straight out or in a __ or __ shape to cut off the fire.
T
L
There is probably no class of building in which good fire planning and training can pay off more than in __ __.
Garden apartments
Today, building codes only require that atria connect a minimum of __ floors without a minimum size requirement.
2
Building codes specify numerous requirements for atria:
- Full sprinkler protection throughout the building (with the exception of the top of the atrium itself it is more than 55 feet above the floor).
- A smoke control system.
- Standby power for the building.
Perhaps the most dangerous time for a place of worship, in terms of being vulnerable to a fire being initiated, is during __.
Renovations
Today, fire protection in malls includes complete:
- Sprinkler protection
- Smoke control system.
- Standpipe system
- Emergency voice communications system
- Standby power
One common trait of most factories is the __ __, which can pose a safety risk to fire fighters.
Production equipment
These hazards include large __ __, __ __, __ __, and heavy duty __ __ __.
- Moving parts
- Confined spaces
- Pressurized vessels
- Energized electrical equipment
In a modern office building, possibly __ % or more of the floor volume is located in the ceiling void.
25%
Some codes require doors to be unlocked for reentry on certain floors, typically no more than __ intervening floors between reentry floors.
4
Other codes require automatic release of locks upon a fire alarm system activation, manual release from the lobby command center, and telephones in the stairwells every __ floors.
5
Under lapse conditions, smoke will move __ and __ from the fire.
Up
Away
The wind exerts a pressure on the __ side of the building and suction on the __.
Windward
Leeward
If the windows are out and the fire is on the __ side of the building, the suppression may be “a piece of cake.”
Leeward
Given the same fire, the windows out, and the fire on the __ side of the building, it may be impossible to move into the fire floor.
Windward
Stack effect is most significant in __ climates in the __ because of the great difference between the inside and outside temperatures.
Cold
Wintertime
Under winter conditions, stack effect causes a movement of air from the floors into the __ __, __, __ and so on in the __ portion of the building.
Vertical shafts
Stairways
Elevators
Lower
The greatest flow will be at the __ floor, with the flow gradually decreasing as the height of the floor above ground increases.
1st
At a point about __ to __ the building’s height, the flow is reduced to __; this is called the __ zone.
1/3 to 1/2
0
Neutral
Above the neutral zone, the flow __ and travels out to the __ from the __.
Reverses
Floors
Shafts
In a sealed air conditioned building in the summertime, the stack effect is __ (and is often called a __ __ __).
Reversed
Reverse stack effect
In such a case, the flow of air is __.
Downward
To complement the smoke barriers, corridors are a minimum of __ feet wide to accommodate the size and width of rolling hospital beds.
8
Hospital and nursing home staffs practice RACE:
- R: Remove all people in immediate danger to safety.
- A: Activate the manual pull station and have someone call 911.
- C: Close doors to confine the spread of smoke and fire.
- E: Extinguish the fire, if possible.
Currently, there are five occupancy classifications of detention facilities, depending upon their level of restraint:
- Use condition 1: Free movement is permitted within the building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment as well as to the exterior.
- Use condition 2: Free movement is permitted within the building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment.
- Use condition 3: Free movement is permitted within the building within a smoke compartment; movement to other areas is by remote control release.
- Use condition 4: Free movement is permitted within an occupied space within a smoke compartment; movement to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments is by remote control release.
- Use condition 5: Free movement is restricted from the occupied space; manual release is necessary to allow movement from the occupied space to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments.
Schools often have some unique features. Their corridor widths are much larger than normal, __ feet in most cases.
6
Taxpayers generally have the following characteristics:
- They most often are of ordinary (Type 3) construction, usually with brick bearing walls and wood joist roof members.
- They commonly are one story in height, although two story variety can be found in many jurisdictions with apartments on the second and third floor.
- Depending on the region, many taxpayers can have full or partial basements.
- They usually are limited to approximately 6-10 small stores (or other commercial establishments).
- They most often have common cockloft or attic spaces.
Strip malls have the following characteristics:
- They may be of noncombustible, ordinary, or even wood frame construction (Types 2, 3, and 5 construction).
- When of noncombustible construction, strip malls have exterior walls of concrete block or concrete tilt walls with steel bar joist roof members and a metal deck supporting a built up roof.
- Contemporary ordinary construction strip malls use concrete block for exterior walls and solid wood joists or lightweight trusses to support a wood roof deck.
- Older ordinary construction strip malls may have large bowstring trusses.
- Some smaller strip malls may be built entirely of wood frame construction.
- Nearly all strip malls are one story, although a two story strip mall occasionally may be encountered.
- Based on region, strip malls may or may not have basements.
- They usually are larger than the taxpayers and may have as many as 15-20 small stores and a large anchor store or two.
- Strip malls usually have greater store depth than taxpayers. Strip mall anchor stores, such as supermarkets, may be more than 150 feet deep.
- They most often have common cockloft or attic spaces.
__ fire spread throughout the strip mall is probably the greatest concern.
Lateral
A strip mall with steel bar joists and a built up roof can be subject to a __ __ fire.
Metal deck
Stages have a much more extensive fire protection requirements than platforms. Specifically, they must have:
- Fire resistant proscenium curtain
- Flame resistant scenery
- Heat vents over the stage
- 2 hour rated separations between the stage and appurtenant rooms (dressing rooms, property rooms, etc.).
- Sprinkler protection over the stage and accessory rooms
- Special stage exits
- Class 2 standpipe with 1.5 inch hose and nozzle.
Building codes define underground buildings as having an occupied level at least __ feet below the level of exit discharge.
30
The code calls for the underground building to be provided with:
- Automatic sprinklers
- Standpipe
- Emergency power
- Fire alarm system
- Public address system
- Smoke management system
- Smokeproof enclosures
When the occupied level is more than __ feet below the level of exit discharge, a __ __ that splits the floor level roughly in half and that runs vertically up through all underground levels, must be provided.
60
Smoke barrier
The solid __ __ parapeted through the roof is the most dependable fire barrier in a warehouse.
Masonry wall
Note that fire codes call for fire fighter access doors every __ feet in a high piled stock warehouse.
100
Large stores (often called department stores) attached to the mall that have all of their required exits independent of the mall.
Anchor stores
A large open space within a structure connecting two or more floors
Atria
Brick and mortar filling between studs utilized as a makeshift fire barrier.
Brick nogging
The deterioration of a product by heating to high temperatures.
Calcination
Smoke that falls downward.
Cold smoke
A building or portion of a building within which hazardous materials are allowed to be stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable quantities.
Control area
A type of fast response sprinkler capable of providing fire suppression of specific high challenge fire hazards.
Early suppression/fast response (ESFR)
Hallways, corridors, passages or tunnels used as exit components and separated from other parts of the building in accordance with NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
Exit passageway
Easily disintegrated.
Friable
Required in most codes, this statement lists the materials, hazards, and quantities of hazardous material products within a building.
Hazardous materials inventory statement (HMIS)
Required in most codes, this plan explains how hazardous materials are to be stored and safely used within a building.
Hazardous materials management plan (HMMP)
A layer of air that is warmer than the air below.
Inversion layer
The condition in which the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases.
Lapse
A plan in which low height partitions create cubicles for personal space; essentially on large open room.
Open office plan
A material that is applied to a substrate and is designed to protect it from thermal effects.
Passive fire protection
In reference to atmospheric conditions, the layer of air warmer than the air below it.
Pause
Found on a stage, it is the large ornamental opening and wall that separates the audience from the stage.
Proscenium arch and wall
Gas that ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source.
Pyrophoric gas
A completely vertical stair with a width that is not more than 24 inches wide.
Ship’s ladder
Heavy weights installed high up in a building that are adjusted by computers to counter wind induced oscillations.
Tuned mass dampers
