CHAPTER 3 Lesson 1

Question 1

Is popularly used to refer to a variety of different situations

Answer 1

Competition

Question 2

Has been defined as “a social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal”

Answer 2

Cooperation

Question 3

Involves striving with your opponent

Answer 3

Competition

Question 4

comes when we “striving against.”

Answer 4

Decompetition

Question 5

According to _____, competition Is more than a single event; rather it involves a process that encompasses four distinct events or stages

Answer 5

Martens

Question 6

The competitive process

Answer 6

Stage 1: Objective Competitive Situation
Stage 2: Subjective Competitive Situation
Stage 3: Response
Stage 4: Consequences

Question 7

Begins the competitive process and consists of a situation where an individual’s performance is compared
with others in the presence of least one other individua

Answer 7

Stage 1: Objective Competitive Situation

Question 8

An individual’s personality orientations, particularly his or her levels of
competitiveness or achievement goals

Answer 8

Stage 2: Subjective Competitive Situation

Question 9

Found three types of
competitive orientations, all of which represent different subjective outcomes of a competitive situation:

Answer 9

Gill and Deeter (1988)

Question 10

three types of competitive orientations

Answer 10

1. Competitiveness
2. Win orientation
3. Goal orientation

Question 11

is an enjoyment of competition and desire to strive for success in competitive sport settings

Answer 11

Competitiveness

Question 12

is a focus on interpersonal comparison and winning in competition.

Answer 12

Win orientation

Question 13

is a focus on personal performance standards

Answer 13

Goal orientation

Question 14

focuses on an individual’s
psychological–physiological response

Answer 14

Stage 3: Response

Question 15

positive or negative consequences are
the fourth stage in the competition process.
- An individual wins or loses on the scoreboard or perceives that he or she performed well or not

Answer 15

Stage 4: Consequences

Question 16

The first experiment that addressed the effects of competition on performance was documented in 1898
by Norman Triplett

Answer 16

Triplett’s Cyclists

Question 17

He found that cyclists were faster when racing against or with another cyclist than when racing alone against the clock

Answer 17

Norman Triplett

Question 18

Results revealed that students in the competitive group were self-centered, directed their efforts at beating others, had closed communication, and exhibited group conflict and mistrust

Answer 18

Morton Deutsch’s classic study (1949)

Question 19

has noted that individuals in
competition are likely to do the following:
a. develop a negative view of thecompetitor,
b. experience heightened anxiety,
c. display a poor use of resources,
d. exhibit lower productivity,
e. act in hostile or aggressive waystoward the opponent, and
f. exhibit a disruption of effectivecommunication.

Answer 19

Deutsch (2000)

Question 20

a primary focus on winning and beating an opponent can produce hostility and aggression among teams.

Answer 20

Competition and Aggression

Question 21

has often erupted in
professional and college sports that encourage contact and collisio

Answer 21

Fighting

Question 22

concluded from their review that there is no type of task for which cooperative efforts are less effective than are competitive or individualistic efforts

Answer 22

Johnson and Johnson

Question 23

identified six attributes
that relate to both competition and cooperation in people’s quest to achieve excellence:

Answer 23

Charles Garfield (1986)

Question 24

six attributes that relate to both competition and cooperation in people’s quest to achieve excellence

Answer 24

1. A sense of mission
2. Strong work ethic
3. Use of resources
4. A strong preparation ethic
5. A love of challenge and change
6. Ability to work with a team

Question 25

Motivation for people who have a sense of mission is very natural because they are engaged in something they enjoy and believe is important.

Answer 25

A sense of mission

Question 26

Top performers love what they
do and display high levels of
effort and persistence in
attempting to reach their goals.

Answer 26

Strong work ethic

Question 27

Peak performers are concerned about their health, development, and recovery as well as their performance, because they know this balance is necessary to optimize their potential.

Answer 27

Use of resources

Question 28

Great preparation begets great performance, and this allows top performers to be ready for any typical or unusual circumstances.

Answer 28

A strong preparation ethic

Question 29

Top performers loved to be
challenged so that they can test their abilities against the best the opponent has to offer or against a standard of

Answer 29

A love of challenge and
change

Question 30

Great performers recognize
and appreciate the importance
of relating well and working
together

Answer 30

Ability to work with a team

Question 31

occurs when we compete with others so that we want to win at the expense of the other person or people involved

Answer 31

Negative Competition

Question 32

occurs when we compete healthily — in a way that brings out the best in us and everyone involved

Answer 32

Positive Competition

Question 33

indicated that boys and
girls often have these very different experiences while playing competitive sports and games:

Answer 33

Coakley (1997)

Question 34

Component Structure of Games

Answer 34

 Competitive Means—Competitive Ends
 Cooperative Means—Competitive Ends
 Individual Means—Individual Ends
 Cooperative Means—Individual Ends
 Cooperative Means—Cooperative Ends

Question 35

the goal is to beat someone else or everyone else from the outset to the end

Answer 35

Competitive Means—Competitive Ends.

Question 36

Participants cooperate within their group but compete outside their group

Answer 36

Cooperative Means—Competitive Ends.

Question 37

• One or more players pursue an individual goal without cooperative or competitive interaction.

Answer 37

Individual Means—Individual Ends.

Question 38

Individual cooperate and help each other achieve their own goals

Answer 38

Cooperative Means—Individual Ends.

Question 39

Players cooperate with each other from the outset to the end. Everybody works toward a common goal, sharing the means as the ends

Answer 39

Cooperative Means—Cooperative Ends.