CHAPTER 2

Question 1

can be defined simply as the direction and intensity of one’s effort

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Answer 2

Motivation

Question 3

are generated by the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring

Answer 3

Intrinsically-motivated behaviors

Question 4

are performed in order to receive something from others

Answer 4

Extrinsically-motivated behaviors

Question 5

refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations.

Answer 5

The direction of effort

Question 6

refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation.

Answer 6

Intensity of effort

Question 7

Three Approaches to Motivation

Answer 7

Trait-Centered View
Situation-Centered View
Interactional View

Question 8

(also called the participant centered view) contends that motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics.

Answer 8

Trait-Centered View

Question 9

contends that motivation level is determined primarily by situation.

Answer 9

Situation-Centered View

Question 10

The view of motivation most widely endorsed by sport and exercise psychologists today is the participant-by situation

Answer 10

Interactional View

Question 11

contend that motivation results neither solely from participant factors, such as personality, needs, interests, and goals, nor solely from situational factors, such as a coach’s or teacher’s style or the win–loss record of a team.

Answer 11

“Interactionists”

Question 12

refers to a person’s efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent (Murray, 1938).

Answer 12

Achievement motivation

Question 13

is defined as “a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others” (Martens, 1976, p. 3).

Answer 13

Competitiveness

Question 14

Four Theories of Achievement Motivation

Answer 14

Need achievement theory
Attribution theory
Achievement goal theory
Competence Motivation Theory

Question 15

is an interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior

Answer 15

Need achievement theory

Question 16

focuses on how people explain their successes and failures

Answer 16

Attribution theory

Question 17

Both psychologists, sport and exercise psychologists have focused on achievement goals as a way of understanding differences in achievement

Answer 17

achievement goal theory

Question 18

A final theory that has been used to explain differences in achievement behavior, especially in children

Answer 18

Competence Motivation Theory

Question 19

Achievement motivation and competitiveness are believed to develop in three stages

Answer 19

1. Autonomous competence stage
2. Social comparison stage
3. Integrated stage

Question 20

In this stage, which is thought to occur before the age of 4 years, children focus on mastering their environment and on self-testing.

Answer 20

Autonomous competence stage

Question 21

In this stage, which begins at about the age of 5 years, a child focuses on directly comparing his performance with others, unlike what occurs in the autonomous stage with its self-referenced standards.

Answer 21

Social comparison stage

Question 22

This stage involves both social comparison and autonomous achievement strategies

Answer 22

Integrated stage