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Psyco 223 > Chapter 3: Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

when are you an infant?

A

birth - first 2 years of life

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2
Q

infants grow very rapidly in the first 2 years; not all parts grow at same rate.
__ and __ grow faster than __

A

head and trunk grow faster than legs

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3
Q

t/f

increase in height and weight is not steady

A

true

very rapid in first year, steady after 3yrs

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4
Q

what are the 4 major principles governing growth?

A
  1. cephalocaudal principle
  2. Proximodistal principle
  3. principle of hierarchal integration
  4. principle of the independence of systems
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5
Q

describe the cephalocaudal principle of growth

A

growth follows a pattern that begins with the head & upper body, then proceeds to the rest of the body.
“head to tail”

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6
Q

describe the Proximodistal principle of growth

A

development occurs from the centre of the body outward

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7
Q

describe the principle of hierarchal integration

A

simple skills typically develop separately and independently. Later they’re integrated into more complex skills

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8
Q

describe the principle of the independence of systems

A

different body systems grow at different rates

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9
Q

t/f

we’re born with most of the brain cells we’ll ever have

A

true!

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10
Q

the brain undergoes most drammatic changes during __

A

infancy

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11
Q

what is the basic element of the nervous system/ brain?

A

neuron

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12
Q

synaptic blooming=

A

rapid synapses/ neuron growth

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13
Q

synaptic pruning=

A

brain eliminates extra synapses

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14
Q

plasticity=

A

`the capability of the brain to be affected by experience

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15
Q

during a ___ ___, the brain is more susceptible to enviro stimulation & brain plasticity is the greatest in the first years of life

A

sensitive period

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16
Q

What is SIDS?

A

sudden infant death syndrome

  • unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
  • leading cause of death in 1st year of life
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17
Q

motor skills=

A

our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

  • gross and fine motor skills
  • development of motor skills follows a sequential pattern
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18
Q

gross motor skills=

A

focus on larger muscles/ movements

  • crawling etc
  • gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills
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19
Q

fine motor skills=

A

coordination of small actions

  • muscles in fingers, toes, eyes
    eg. drink from a cup w/u spilling, write
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20
Q

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) includes which 4 aspects of infant behavior?

A
  • interactions with others
  • motor behavior
  • physiological control
  • response to stress
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21
Q

Sensation=

A

input about the physical world received by sensory receptors (stimulation of sense organs)

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22
Q

perception=

A

process by which brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations
- our interpretation and analysis of a sensory stimulus

23
Q

describe the visual perception of newborns and infants

A
  • newborns can’t see beyond 20ft
  • > 6months: vision usually 20/20 and depth perception develops
  • infants prefer patterns and complex stimuli & looking at faces
24
Q

describe the auditory perception of an infant

A
  • hearing begins prenatally! (7th month)

- infants sensitive to high and low frequencies but not middle ranges

25
Q

t/f

newborns can only detect their mother’s smell when breastfed

A

true

26
Q

there is a developmental progression to reactions to ___.

Exposure to __ in infancy may lead to being more sensitive as an adult

A

pain

pain

27
Q

___ is the most highly developed sense in newborns

A

touch

28
Q

piaget believed that infants have mental structures called

A

schemes

= organized patterns of sensorimotor fxn

29
Q

assimilation=

A

adaptation process: new info is taken into the previously- existing schema

30
Q

accommodation=

A

process by which pre-existing knowledge is altered in order to fit the new info

31
Q

what is the 1st stage of cognitive development from Piaget’s theory?
And the 6 substages?

A

Sensorimotor stage

  1. simple reflexes
  2. first habits & primary circular rxns
  3. secondary circular rxns
  4. coordination of secondary circular rxns
  5. tertiary circular rxns
  6. beginnings of thought (engage in pretend play)
32
Q

infantile amnesia=

A

inability to recall memories from the first few years of life

33
Q

what are hypotheses for infantile amnesia?

A
  • infants have immature brain, including hippocampus (responsible for memories)
  • lack of linguistic skills limits ability to mentally represent events
  • storing memories may require an understanding of self; infants lack this
34
Q

t/f

infants have no memory capacoty

A

false, they have some

  • can distinguish b/w old and new objects
  • above 6 months: can retain info for some period of time
35
Q

What does Gesell developmental quotient meaure?

A

the infant’s overall developmental score in the 4 domains: motor skills, language, adaptive behavior, and personal social behavior

36
Q

what does the bayley scales of infant development measure?

A

a series of developmental play tasks to calculate a developmental quotient, rather than an intelligence quotient (IQ)
- 1-42 months old

37
Q

t/f

the order of language acquisition is consistent

A

true

  1. before birth: begin to develop lang/ communication skills
  2. at birth: recognize mom’s voice
38
Q

first words are generally spoken between __-__ months of age.
by age 2, infants use ___ speech

A

10-14 months

telegraphic (unneeded words not used- eg give me ball)

39
Q

the major theories of language development differ in

A

nature and nurture

40
Q

Bandura’s learning theory believed in ___

A

nurture (enviro)

41
Q

____ approaches believe that language is an innate skill

- how?

A

nativist

Language-acquisition device (LAD): as long as exposed to language, infant will learn it, no teaching required (born w. knowledge of general rules and syntax)

42
Q

what are the 2 emotional responses exhibited by infants?

A

attraction (pleasant situations)
&
withdrawal (unpleasant situations)

43
Q

emotions are divided into 2 general categories:
1.
2.

A
  1. basic emotions: interest, anger, happiness, fear, sad
    - these appear first
  2. self-conscious emotions: envy, pride, shame, guilt
44
Q

social referencing=

A

infants seek out info from others to clarify a situation (based on facial expressions) and use that info to act

45
Q

___ is the most important form of social development in infants (gives sense of security)

A

attachment

- innate need to attach to 1 main attachment figure, esp first 2 yrs

46
Q

describe a secure attachment pattern

A
  • explores when caregiver present, interacts w strangers

- upset when caregiver leaves, happy when they return

47
Q

describe an avoidant attachment pattern

A
  • kid ignores caregiver and stranger, shows little emotion if they leave/ return
  • doesn’t explore, runs away from mom
48
Q

describe the ambivalent attachment pattern

A
  • clings to caregiver

- upset when caregiver leaves and not comforted when they return

49
Q

describe the disorganized- disoriented attachment pattern

A
  • inconsistent methods of coping with strange situation

- eg. cry during separation, but ignores caregiver when she returns

50
Q

according to erikson, personality is shaped by infants’ ___

A

experiences

51
Q

In erikson’s trust vs mistrust stage, (first __ months) what happens?

A

18

uncertain about world, look to caregiver for consistent care= trust

52
Q

in erikson’s autonomy-vs- shame and doubt stage (__ months to __ years) what happens?

A

18 months- 3yrs

if parents encourage exploration:
- confident in their ability to survive in the world

if parents do not allow exploration:
- feel inadequate, lack self-esteem, very dependent

53
Q

temperament=

A

innate characteristics of the infant, inc mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

54
Q

what are the 3 profiles of temperament?

A
  • easy (40%)- adaptable and calm
  • difficult (10%)- negative rxns, mood
  • slow-to-warm babies (15%)- low activity, slow to adjust, often negative mood

Psyco 223 (5 decks)

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