Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyco 223 > Chapter 2: The start of life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The start of life Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 prenatal phases?

A
  1. germinal stage
  2. embryonic stage
  3. fetal stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the germinal stage

A
  • conception to 14 days
  • zygote created at conception, which divides
  • blastula forms, and at day ~10 it attaches to the uterine wall (implantation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the embryonic stage

A
  • 3rd week- 8th week
  • basic organs of the body take shape
  • very rapid growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the fetal stage

A
  • 9th week to birth

- fetus becomes larger, body systems begin to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a child receives __ from each parents

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a ___ is the combination of genetic material, while the ___ is the visible trait

A

genotype, phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the basic units of heredity?

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chromosomes are a single molecule of __

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

each chromosome contains 1000s of ___, each of which are a small segment of __

A

genes

dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

t/f

the ovum will provide either an X or Y chromosome, and the sperm is certain to provide an X chromosome

A

false

ovum: always X
sperm: X or Y

XX= girl
XY= boy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the earliest tests used in prenatal testing?

A

blood tests and ultrasounds (used together)

* ultrasounds used to guide more invasive tests like CVS and amniocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s the difference between chorionic villus sampling vs amniocentesis?

A

CVS: small sample of cells taken from PLACENTA
amniocentesis: sample of fetal cells taken from the AMNIOTIC SAC

*both used to identify a number of genetic defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why are CVC and amniocentesis not done routinely?

A

both have a risk of miscarriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

t/f

genes and enviro constantly interact during a child’s development

A

true
environment influences phenotype
(nature AND nurture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

teratogen=

A

any disease/ drug/ enviro issue that can harm the fetus by causing physical deformities, brain damage, or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the impact of teratogens on a fetus depends on ___

A

timing!

diff organ systems are vulnerable at diff times

17
Q

what are 5 threats to development inside the womb

A
  1. mother’s diet
  2. mother’s age (teens & over 30s have more complications)
  3. mother’s health (some illnesses can be transmitted to the child)
  4. mother’s drug use
  5. mother’s use of alcohol and tobacco
18
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour?

A
  1. uterine contractions
    - every 8-10mins (last 30sec)
    - lasts 3-14hrs
    - ends when cervix is is fully dilated
  2. delivery
    - head goes through cervix into vagina
    - ends when baby emerges from mother’s body
    - lasts 30-90mins
  3. after-birth
    - lasts 5-10mins
    - uterus contracts, expels placenta from mother’s body
19
Q

an APGAR score is given for each sign at 1min and 5min after birth.
what does each number indicate?

A

avg score= 7

7-10: normal
4-7: might require some resuscitative measures
<4: requires immediate immediate resuscitation

20
Q

most women deliver their babies in ___

A

hospitals (1% deliver at home)

21
Q

describe the lamaze method

A

an alternative birthing process

  • breathing and relaxation method
  • encourages movement
22
Q

describe the bradley method

A

an alternative birthing process

- uses relaxation as pain control

23
Q

what’s the difference between bradley and lamaze methods?

A

bradley: focus on controlling pain with relaxation
lamaze: distract from pain

24
Q

describe water birthing

A

an alternative birthing process
give birth in a birthing pool (water)
- less painful?

25
Q

what’s a potential disadvantage of using anesthesia/ pain reducing drugs during childbirth?

A

may decrease O2 flow to fetus & delay labour

26
Q

preterm infants are born before __ weeks

- what are some causes?

A

38

- multiple births, young mothers, health of mother

27
Q

post mature babies are still unborn __ weeks after due date

A

2

  • blood supply decreased to brain
  • labour more difficult b/c baby larger
  • born with fat on body, lots of hair, peeling skin, overgrown nails
28
Q

what are some problems with cesareans?

A
  • difficult to have vaginal birth later (hole in uterus)
  • babies’ stress hormones not released in the same way–> breathing problems
  • longer for mom to recover
29
Q

infant mortality=

A

baby dies before 1st bday

  • stillbirth and infant mortality rate is declining
30
Q

postpartem depression=

caused by?

A

complex mix of physical, emotional, & behavioral changes that may happen after giving birth, affects ~10% of new moms

  • trouble sleeping
  • no appetite
  • mood changes

caused by hormones (estrogen progesterone high during pregnancy, declines fast after delivery, back to normal levels)

31
Q

reflexes=

A

unlearned, organized involuntary responses

  • eg sucking, swallowing
  • eg. stepping reflex= precursor to walking
32
Q

Why would babies be born with a variety of reflexes?

A

most reflexes confer some survival value to the infant

33
Q

t/f

infant’s visual and auditory systems are fully developed

A

false

  • can see levels of contrast/ brightness
  • react to sudden sounds, recognize familiar ones
  • can tell size consistency & distinguish colors
34
Q

t/f

infants are sensitive to touch and their senses of taste and smell are well developed

A

true

35
Q

give an example of habituation in infants

A

child shows interest in a new toy, but stops showing interest after a few presentations

36
Q

t/f

infants cannot differentiate basic facial expressions

A

false, they can!

37
Q

t/f
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is called classical conditioning.

A

false

this is operant conditioning

Psyco 223 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions