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Psyco 223 > Chapter 1- Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan is divided into 9 periods by age:

A
  1. prenatal period
  2. infancy
  3. toddlerhood
  4. preschool
  5. middle childhood
  6. adolescence
  7. young adulthood
  8. middle adulthood
  9. late adulthood
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2
Q

“nature” suggests that ___ plays the most important role in human development

“nurture” suggests that ___ is the most significant in our development

A

nature= heredity/ genetics

nurture= environment

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3
Q

critical period=

A

times during development when a particular event will have its greatest consequences

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4
Q

sensitive period=

A

times when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of a stimuli, but consequences probably won’t last whole life

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5
Q

how are critical & sensitive periods different

A

they differ in terms of degree (critical period more extreme)

unlike a critical period, absence of a stimuli during a sensitive period does not result in irreversible consequences

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6
Q

continuous change=

A

development that is gradual and build.

continuous change is quantitative

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7
Q

discontinuous change=

A

development in stages

- each stage is qualitatively different from the pervious stage

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8
Q

Freudian theory follows the ___ change model

A

discontinuous

stages

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9
Q

What are the 6 grand theories in developmental psych?

A
  1. psychodynamic perspective
  2. behavioral perspective
  3. cognitive perspective
  4. humanistic perspective
  5. contextual perspective
  6. evolutionary perspective

these laid the foundation for the modern theories of development

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10
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic approach focuses on:

A

unconscious psychological processes (fears etc)

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11
Q

What kind of conditioning is this?

Army personnel have to follow a strict routine to avoid disciplinary actions against them; it shapes them into disciplined individuals.

A

operant conditioning

b/c rewarded with incentives, which does not happen in classical conditioning

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12
Q

Which psychologist believed that cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions?

A

vygotsky

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13
Q

T/F
In a study looking at how attachment styles impact mental health, the dependent variable would be the participants’ attachment styles.

A

false

b/c the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent variable is the effect

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14
Q

what are freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A
  1. oral phase
  2. anal phase
  3. phallic phase (genitals)
  4. latent phase (libido suspended- focus on developing life skills)
  5. genital phase (libido activates, we become interested in sexual partners)
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15
Q

freud claimed our mind operates in 3 spheres.

What are the 3 levels and what does each operate

A
  1. conscious level: operates ego
  2. preconscious level: operates ego and superego
  3. unconscious level: operates id
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16
Q

behaviorism/ the behavioral theory=

A

all behaviors are learned through interaction with enviro

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17
Q

who are 2 behaviorists? What made them differenet?

A
  1. John Watson: used classical conditioning

2. B.F. Skinner: used operant conditioning (reinforcement or punishment)

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18
Q

the social- cognitive learning theory states that:

A

humans learn through observing others and choosing who to imitate

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19
Q

Who is Albert Bandura

A

he proposed that learning occurs by observing and imitating behavior of a model (social-cognitive learning theory)
His experiment: bobo doll experiment- child beats up doll when the model does

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20
Q

The cognitive perspective focuses on:

A

how kids think and how their thinking changes as they grow up

21
Q

what are piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor stage
  2. preoperational stage
  3. concrete operational stage- start to understand the world from other peoples’ POV
  4. formal operational stage- final stage of cognitive development, but we continue to learn throughout life
22
Q

the humanistic perspective states that:

A

behavior isn’t determined by unconscious processes, the enviro, or cognitive processes; people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives & control their behavior

23
Q

____ and ____ are famous for their humanistic theories

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

24
Q

Abraham Maslow proposed a pyramid of the 5 categories that humans are motivated by. What are they?

A
  1. physiological (breathing, food/water) -base
  2. safety (security of body/ employment)
  3. love/ belonging (friends/ family)
  4. esteem
  5. self-actualization (creativity, problem solving) - top

can’t move up the pyramid until basic needs are fulfilled

25
Q

the contextual approach considers:

A

relationship b/w individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

26
Q

what is a sequential study?

A

researchers examine a # of diff age groups over several points in time
- combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research

27
Q

what is a cross-sectional study?

A

studies people of diff ages at the same point in time

  • takes less time than longitudinal study
  • cannot deduct causation- only 1 snapshot in time
28
Q

what is a longitudinal study?

A

measures behavior of 1 or more individuals as they age

  • time/ money consuming
  • lose participants to attrition (drop out)
29
Q

T/F

experiments can not be used to determine both cause and effect

A

false
experiments, unlike correlational studies, manipulate variables to observe effects on other variables, so both cause & effect can be determined

30
Q

What is correlational research?

A

a study done to measure relationship b/w 2 variables

- can show the direction of the relationship

31
Q

what are 3 types of correlational studies?

A
  • naturalistic observation
  • case studies
  • survey research
32
Q

what is the evolutionary theory?

A

seeks to identify behavior in today’s humans that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
- born out of Darwin’s work- natural selection selects for physical/ personality traits and social behaviors

33
Q

___ and ____ created theories that use the contextual approach

A

brondenbrenner

vygotsky

34
Q

brondenbrenner’s ecological systems model stated that human development is influenced by which 5 systems?

A
  1. (inner) microsystem
    - direct enviro in kid’s life (parents/ teachers)
  2. mesosystem
    - relationships w/ microsystems
    - ie. relationship b/w kid’s parents/ teachers
  3. exosystem
    - social settings that don’t involve the child but still influence their development (eg. mom’s work)
  4. macrosystem
    - culture that influences the child
  5. (outer) chronosystem
    - all other systems are always changing
35
Q

what is vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A
  • social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition (esp older peers)
  • w/o interaction, would not advance far b/c knowledge is based only on their own discoveries
36
Q

Who was one of the first theorists to recognize the importance of a culture’s influence on an individual’s development?

A

Lev Vygotsky

37
Q

Duncan and Renaldo are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services, better schools, and a variety of entertainment options. Their plan represents the influence of the __________ level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

A

exosystem

38
Q

What is the correct conclusion to reach regarding the effects of heredity and the environment on shaping development?

A

nature and nurture

39
Q

Ruthie believes her daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and suddenly, upon turning two years old, is able to do far more than she could at age 1. Ruthie’s intuitions are consistent with which approach to development?

A

discontinuous change

40
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory differs from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in that Erikson believed that development __________ .

A

continues through the lifetime

41
Q

Kim likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours milk into a smaller container for Kim to use until she’s old enough to control the larger carton. Which aspect of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory has Kim’s mother enacted?

A

scaffolding

42
Q

The ______variable is what researchers expect to change as a result of an experimental manipulation.

A

dependent

43
Q

Cohort effects are a potential problem most commonly associated with which type of research design?

a) cross sectional
b) longitudinal
c) sequential
d) experimental

A

cross-sectional

44
Q

Mick is an adolescent who has an awareness of the uniqueness of himself and knowledge of roles that he should follow. Mick has successfully passed through which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development?

a) trust vs mistrust
b) initiative vs guilt
c) industry vs inferiority
d) identity vs role diffusion

A

d) identity vs role diffusion

45
Q

Which theoretical perspective is based on the idea that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

A

humanistic

46
Q

If a researcher was interested in learning how moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 15, she might study a single group of children across that age range, measuring them every three years. This strategy would be an example of __________ research.

A

longitudinal

47
Q

t/f
When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, experimental research is taking place.

A

false

48
Q

t/f
William is part of a research group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a daily diary of his food intake and the times that he eats. This can be considered an example of “case study”.

A

true

49
Q

t/f

To Freud, “superego” and unconscious would be considered roughly interchangeable terms.

A

false

Psyco 223 (5 decks)

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