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CHC2D7 - Grade 10 History > Chapter 3 History > Flashcards

Chapter 3 History Flashcards

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1
Q

After WW1

A
  • Countries that won war met in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace (aka. Paris Peace Conference)
  • Lasted six months resulted in treaties defining borders and compensation for losses.
  • +30 countries attended the conference. Germany and allies not allowed to participate.
  • Russia not invited, having negotiated Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
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2
Q

Canada after WW1

A
  • PM Borden demanded Canada have own seat at the conference. US President Woodrow Wilson opposed.
  • Canada won seat at conference and Borden insisted he sign Treaty of Versailles.
  • First time Canada internationally recognized as an independent nation.
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3
Q

The TofV and Germany

A
  • Germany signed after threats of continuation of war.
  • Germany couldn’t make reparations and ethnic groups combined to make nations under TofV.
  • Origins of nationalism unresolved, making TofV guarantee renewed war.
  • British PM Lloyd George “We shall have to fight another war all over again in 25 years at three times the cost”, finding conditions of TofV too harsh.
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4
Q

T of V and League of Nations

A
  • TofV formed League of Nations, one of most important elements of Woodrow Wilson’s 14-point plan.
  • League plan: if one member came under attack, all united against the aggressor.
  • PM Borden won right for Canada to become member of League, where 42 founding nations met in Paris on January 16,1920.
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5
Q

Aftermath of War

A
  • Nations not used to cooperation and League couldn’t easily economically sanction offending countries or impose military force.
  • Canadian soldiers in 1919 found no pension, medical services or employment for vets as employers grew rich.
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6
Q

The Spanish Flu

A
  • Winter of 1918 - 1919: Spanish Flu (more susceptible to young people) killed millions across Europe
  • Soldiers carried virus to North America, causing 21 million deaths worldwide, including 50,000 Canadians from 1918 to 1920.
  • Small Aboriginal communities almost wiped out.
  • Schools/public places closed for months to stop virus and people required to wear masks in some communities
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7
Q

Labour Wars

A
  • Labour wars occurred in Eastern Canada. Whole communities in Maritimes employed by British Empire Steel Corporation (BESC), caused strikes after cutting wages.
  • When strikes turned violent, provincial police and troops supported BESC.
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8
Q

Canadian Industrialization

A
  • Demand for Canadian pulp and paper grew, and new mills were built in several provinces. Mining also boomed exports of minerals used for consumer goods.
  • Several hydro-generating stations constructed to provide industries w/ energy.
  • American companies invested in these sectors, the majority of resources brought from them then exported to the US for consumer products.
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9
Q

American Automobiles in Canada

A
  • American investors set branch plants by manufacturing cars in Canada to avoid Canadian tariffs
  • Canadian auto industry taken over by “Big Three” companies (General Motors, Ford, Chrysler).
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10
Q

The Growth of Cars

A
  • 50% of Canadian homes had car by late 1920’s
  • Assembly line allowed cars mass produced inexpensively, prompting more, better roads built.
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11
Q

Telephone Lines

A
  • 1920’s → telephone lines shared by neighbours allowing anyone to listen in conversation.
  • Spreading of radio broke isolation of far-flung communities, later bringing news, pop culture & entertainment.
  • Canadian stations lost to stations from US, leading 300,000 Canadians to tune to American radio by end of 1920’s.
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12
Q

Alcohol Prohibition in Canada

A
  • Alcohol received as “tonic” from doctor or from a “bootlegger” or illegal alcohol seller.
  • Provincial govts switched from prohibition to regulation from 1920 to 1921 due to unpopularity
  • Plebiscites adopted govt-controlled liquor stores
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13
Q

Wilfrid May

A
  • 1929 → Wilfrid May and young pilot flew flights from Edmonton
  • Saved people of Fort Vermilion from contagious outbreak by delivering serum.
  • Also participated in RCMP hunt for Albert Johnson “Mad Trapper” of Rat River
  • Made history for duration of chase and first time two-way radios and aircraft used to pursue criminal.
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14
Q

Film in Canada

A
  • Radio entertainment rivalled by film, silent at first
  • Subtitles conveyed messages → “Talkies” (sound film) arrived in 1927
  • Canadian-made films couldn’t compete with productions from big studios in US
  • Canadian actors, writers, technicians worked in America, like actor Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”
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15
Q

Magazines in Canada

A
  • Political magazine “Canadian Forum” in 1920, political debate and Canadian literature/poetry appeared.
  • “Macleans” magazine published Canadian stories and articles
  • Canadian novelists R.J.C. Stead, F.P. Grove, Martha Ostenso and Morley Callaghan wrote novels about Canadians.
  • Poets A.J. Smith and Frank Scott wrote about Canadian issues.
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16
Q

Sports in Canada

A
  • Hockey came in Canadian homes when Foster Hewitt made first play-by-play radio broadcast
    International succeeders:
  • Lionel Conacher “Big Train” (baseball, football and lacrosse player and NHL all-star)
  • Fanny “Bobbie” Rosenfeld (basketball, softball, hockey, tennis and track and field).
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17
Q

Wamen’s Representation in Parliament

A
  • Most women won vote in federal elections in 1918
  • Four women ran for office in 1921 federals, and Agnes MacPhail would be only woman in HofC until 1935.
  • Four Western provinces elected 9 women to legislators, federal and provincial govts male-dominated.
18
Q

Emily Murphy

A
  • Emily Murphy was appointed magistrate in Alberta, but challenged as women were not “persons” in eyes of the law. SC of Alberta ruled Murphey had right to be judge.
  • Emily and 4 other female activists (Famous Five) challenged PM Mackenzie King to appoint a female senator and clarify definition of “persons”.
  • April 1928 → SC of Canada ruled women were not “persons” under Canadian Constitution.
  • Murphy and associates appealed to Judicial Committee of Privy Council in Britain. October 18, 1929 → Judicial Committee supported women.
19
Q

Aboriginal People’s Treaties

A
  • Last treaties (Williams Treaties) signed with Chippewa and Missisauga in 1923 did little to advance Aboriginal rights.
  • Treaties covered 22,000 square km of land in southern and central Ontario
  • Received cash settlement in exchange for land and right to hunt and fish.
20
Q

Ban on Potlucks

A
  • 1920’s saw resistance against ban on potlucks, traditional indigenous ceremony.
  • Canadian govt saw it as threat to assimilation. When held in 1921, many chiefs arrested.
  • Banned from 1884 - 1951.
21
Q

Reaction to Loft and Self - Determination

A
  • Fredrick Loft seen as threat by Dept. of Indian Affairs, trying to remove his Indian status. The League was largely unsuccessful, but inspired First Nations organizations in the west
22
Q

Segregation and Black Canadians

A
  • Schools segregated by Education Act of 1918 until 1954
  • Discrimination practiced throughout 1920’s.
  • In 1921, Superior court of Quebec ruled for segregating Montreal theatres.
23
Q

Regionalism: The Maritimes

A
  • 1920’s - influence of the Maritimes declining in national politics
  • Businesses moved to Ontario and Quebec and its pop. was small compared to other regions.
  • Led to Maritime Rights movement and lobbying for pro - Maritime politicians
24
Q

Immigration in Canada

A
  • Immigration restricted after war. Preference given to Americans and British.
  • 1923 - Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigrants until 1947.
  • Japanese immigrants restricted to 150 servants and labours a year as well.
  • Restrictions relaxed in 1925 but many worked for little pay.
25
Q

Regionalism: The Praires

A
  • Praires against tariffs, wanting free trade for American machinery and lower storage and shipping fees.
  • Elected United Farmers provincially, as neither Liberals nor Cons supported wishes.
  • Progressive Party created in 1920, led by Thomas Crerar, wanting free trade and nationalization of rail
26
Q

Regionalism: Quebec

A
  • Quebec industry boomed due to proximity of USA, so paper and pulp industry expanded.
  • Mining, manufacturing and hydroelectricity expanded as well.
  • Liberals swept all seats in 1921 federal elections from hostility to Conservatives for conscription
27
Q

Western Interests

A
  • BC led by Liberal John Oliver who attacked federal government for favoring Eastern Canada
  • Port of Vancouver benefited from Panama Canal opened in 1914
  • Pacific Coast ports could challenge Eastern Canada’s dominance in shipping Western grain
28
Q

The Chanak Crisis

A
  • King refused Britain’s call when British threatened by nationalist Turks
  • Turkey regaining Chanak port would clear access to Europe
  • Britain sent telegram to King to send Canadian troops. King brought issue to Parliament.
  • Chanak Crisis marked first time Canada didn’t automatically support British Empire
29
Q

The Halibut Treaty

A
  • Canada negotiated treaty with US to protect halibut along coasts of BC and Alaska
  • King wanted Canada to sign treaty without a British representative, being the first treaty negotiated and signed independently by Canadian government
30
Q

King-Byng Crisis

A
  • Governor General Byng refused Prime Minister King’s request to dissolve Parliament and call election
  • King claimed undemocratic for governor general to refuse to take the advice of the prime minister
  • Since crisis, no governor general has acted against the wishes of prime minister
31
Q

Britain and France on LoffV

A
  • Britain and France had doubt about League.
  • They wanted freedom to pursue imperialism, but realized it had propaganda value, so agreed on surface.
  • Smaller nations looked forward to era of peace, concerned about harm from great powers
32
Q

Aboriginal Vets after the War

A
  • Aboriginals benefited from social changes (ex: Military Voters Act), but faced prejudice
  • Were denied more benefits and settlement packages (of land and money) than others, before losing the right to vote.
33
Q

Union Popularity in Canada

A
  • Demand for higher wages, working conditions and right to join unions emerged from dissatisfaction w/ governments and rich-poor disparity.
  • At Western Labour Conference in March 1919, union leaders founded One Big Union (OBU)
  • Represented all Canadian workers and helping them gain support through general strikes.
34
Q

American Industry in Canada

A
  • American companies owned large part of Canada oil, half machinery/chemical industries and +half rubber/electrical companies
  • Canadians had positive view of American investment and didn’t question consequences.
35
Q

The Growth of Airplanes

A
  • Aviation expanded after WW1, helping make coast of BC and Canada’s north more accessible.
  • Veteran pilots became “bush pilots” flying geologists and prospectors into remote areas for mining , like Wilfrid “Wop” May,
36
Q

Canada’s Alcohol Exports to US

A
  • Canada exported illegal alcohol to US in large quantities during temperance until end in 1933, dangerous but profitable business.
  • Ships from Maritimes and Quebec, speedboats from Ontario, cars and trucks from prairies and salmon trawlers from BC
37
Q

Wamen’s Progress

A
  • Progress for women slow but steady. 1921 → first maternity leave legislation passed; only applied to women in BC for 6 weeks.
  • Divorce law allowed women to obtain divorce on same grounds as men in 1925.
38
Q
A
39
Q
A
40
Q

League of Indians in Canada

A
  • 1919 - Fredrick Loft created League of Indians of Canada
  • Fought on issues like aboriginal vets and lack of loans for aboriginals
  • Giving away of 34.5 hectares of reserve land to non-indigenous farmers
41
Q

Tolerance and African Canadians

A
  • Instances of tolerance exemplified in 1920’s.
  • Brotherhood of Railway Employees accepted blacks in 1919
  • Edmonton City Council refused to segregate parks and pints in 1924.
42
Q

Western Interests (continued)

A
  • Premier Oliver went to Ottawa to demand railway freight rates be reduced
  • Annual shipments of grain from BC increased in 1920s
  • 40% of Canada’s grain was exported through BC

CHC2D7 - Grade 10 History (12 decks)

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