Chapter 3 History Flashcards
1
Q
After WW1
A
- Countries that won war met in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace (aka. Paris Peace Conference)
- Lasted six months resulted in treaties defining borders and compensation for losses.
- +30 countries attended the conference. Germany and allies not allowed to participate.
- Russia not invited, having negotiated Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
2
Q
Canada after WW1
A
- PM Borden demanded Canada have own seat at the conference. US President Woodrow Wilson opposed.
- Canada won seat at conference and Borden insisted he sign Treaty of Versailles.
- First time Canada internationally recognized as an independent nation.
3
Q
The TofV and Germany
A
- Germany signed after threats of continuation of war.
- Germany couldn’t make reparations and ethnic groups combined to make nations under TofV.
- Origins of nationalism unresolved, making TofV guarantee renewed war.
- British PM Lloyd George “We shall have to fight another war all over again in 25 years at three times the cost”, finding conditions of TofV too harsh.
4
Q
T of V and League of Nations
A
- TofV formed League of Nations, one of most important elements of Woodrow Wilson’s 14-point plan.
- League plan: if one member came under attack, all united against the aggressor.
- PM Borden won right for Canada to become member of League, where 42 founding nations met in Paris on January 16,1920.
5
Q
Aftermath of War
A
- Nations not used to cooperation and League couldn’t easily economically sanction offending countries or impose military force.
- Canadian soldiers in 1919 found no pension, medical services or employment for vets as employers grew rich.
6
Q
The Spanish Flu
A
- Winter of 1918 - 1919: Spanish Flu (more susceptible to young people) killed millions across Europe
- Soldiers carried virus to North America, causing 21 million deaths worldwide, including 50,000 Canadians from 1918 to 1920.
- Small Aboriginal communities almost wiped out.
- Schools/public places closed for months to stop virus and people required to wear masks in some communities
7
Q
Labour Wars
A
- Labour wars occurred in Eastern Canada. Whole communities in Maritimes employed by British Empire Steel Corporation (BESC), caused strikes after cutting wages.
- When strikes turned violent, provincial police and troops supported BESC.
8
Q
Canadian Industrialization
A
- Demand for Canadian pulp and paper grew, and new mills were built in several provinces. Mining also boomed exports of minerals used for consumer goods.
- Several hydro-generating stations constructed to provide industries w/ energy.
- American companies invested in these sectors, the majority of resources brought from them then exported to the US for consumer products.
9
Q
American Automobiles in Canada
A
- American investors set branch plants by manufacturing cars in Canada to avoid Canadian tariffs
- Canadian auto industry taken over by “Big Three” companies (General Motors, Ford, Chrysler).
10
Q
The Growth of Cars
A
- 50% of Canadian homes had car by late 1920’s
- Assembly line allowed cars mass produced inexpensively, prompting more, better roads built.
11
Q
Telephone Lines
A
- 1920’s → telephone lines shared by neighbours allowing anyone to listen in conversation.
- Spreading of radio broke isolation of far-flung communities, later bringing news, pop culture & entertainment.
- Canadian stations lost to stations from US, leading 300,000 Canadians to tune to American radio by end of 1920’s.
12
Q
Alcohol Prohibition in Canada
A
- Alcohol received as “tonic” from doctor or from a “bootlegger” or illegal alcohol seller.
- Provincial govts switched from prohibition to regulation from 1920 to 1921 due to unpopularity
- Plebiscites adopted govt-controlled liquor stores
13
Q
Wilfrid May
A
- 1929 → Wilfrid May and young pilot flew flights from Edmonton
- Saved people of Fort Vermilion from contagious outbreak by delivering serum.
- Also participated in RCMP hunt for Albert Johnson “Mad Trapper” of Rat River
- Made history for duration of chase and first time two-way radios and aircraft used to pursue criminal.
14
Q
Film in Canada
A
- Radio entertainment rivalled by film, silent at first
- Subtitles conveyed messages → “Talkies” (sound film) arrived in 1927
- Canadian-made films couldn’t compete with productions from big studios in US
- Canadian actors, writers, technicians worked in America, like actor Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”
15
Q
Magazines in Canada
A
- Political magazine “Canadian Forum” in 1920, political debate and Canadian literature/poetry appeared.
- “Macleans” magazine published Canadian stories and articles
- Canadian novelists R.J.C. Stead, F.P. Grove, Martha Ostenso and Morley Callaghan wrote novels about Canadians.
- Poets A.J. Smith and Frank Scott wrote about Canadian issues.
16
Q
Sports in Canada
A
- Hockey came in Canadian homes when Foster Hewitt made first play-by-play radio broadcast
International succeeders: - Lionel Conacher “Big Train” (baseball, football and lacrosse player and NHL all-star)
- Fanny “Bobbie” Rosenfeld (basketball, softball, hockey, tennis and track and field).
17
Q
Wamen’s Representation in Parliament
A
- Most women won vote in federal elections in 1918
- Four women ran for office in 1921 federals, and Agnes MacPhail would be only woman in HofC until 1935.
- Four Western provinces elected 9 women to legislators, federal and provincial govts male-dominated.
18
Q
Emily Murphy
A
- Emily Murphy was appointed magistrate in Alberta, but challenged as women were not “persons” in eyes of the law. SC of Alberta ruled Murphey had right to be judge.
- Emily and 4 other female activists (Famous Five) challenged PM Mackenzie King to appoint a female senator and clarify definition of “persons”.
- April 1928 → SC of Canada ruled women were not “persons” under Canadian Constitution.
- Murphy and associates appealed to Judicial Committee of Privy Council in Britain. October 18, 1929 → Judicial Committee supported women.
19
Q
Aboriginal People’s Treaties
A
- Last treaties (Williams Treaties) signed with Chippewa and Missisauga in 1923 did little to advance Aboriginal rights.
- Treaties covered 22,000 square km of land in southern and central Ontario
- Received cash settlement in exchange for land and right to hunt and fish.
20
Q
Ban on Potlucks
A
- 1920’s saw resistance against ban on potlucks, traditional indigenous ceremony.
- Canadian govt saw it as threat to assimilation. When held in 1921, many chiefs arrested.
- Banned from 1884 - 1951.
21
Q
Reaction to Loft and Self - Determination
A
- Fredrick Loft seen as threat by Dept. of Indian Affairs, trying to remove his Indian status. The League was largely unsuccessful, but inspired First Nations organizations in the west
22
Q
Segregation and Black Canadians
A
- Schools segregated by Education Act of 1918 until 1954
- Discrimination practiced throughout 1920’s.
- In 1921, Superior court of Quebec ruled for segregating Montreal theatres.
23
Q
Regionalism: The Maritimes
A
- 1920’s - influence of the Maritimes declining in national politics
- Businesses moved to Ontario and Quebec and its pop. was small compared to other regions.
- Led to Maritime Rights movement and lobbying for pro - Maritime politicians
24
Q
Immigration in Canada
A
- Immigration restricted after war. Preference given to Americans and British.
- 1923 - Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigrants until 1947.
- Japanese immigrants restricted to 150 servants and labours a year as well.
- Restrictions relaxed in 1925 but many worked for little pay.
25
Regionalism: The Praires
- Praires against tariffs, wanting free trade for American machinery and lower storage and shipping fees.
- Elected United Farmers provincially, as neither Liberals nor Cons supported wishes.
- Progressive Party created in 1920, led by Thomas Crerar, wanting free trade and nationalization of rail
26
Regionalism: Quebec
- Quebec industry boomed due to proximity of USA, so paper and pulp industry expanded.
- Mining, manufacturing and hydroelectricity expanded as well.
- Liberals swept all seats in 1921 federal elections from hostility to Conservatives for conscription
27
Western Interests
- BC led by Liberal John Oliver who attacked federal government for favoring Eastern Canada
- Port of Vancouver benefited from Panama Canal opened in 1914
- Pacific Coast ports could challenge Eastern Canada’s dominance in shipping Western grain
28
The Chanak Crisis
- King refused Britain’s call when British threatened by nationalist Turks
- Turkey regaining Chanak port would clear access to Europe
- Britain sent telegram to King to send Canadian troops. King brought issue to Parliament.
- Chanak Crisis marked first time Canada didn't automatically support British Empire
29
The Halibut Treaty
- Canada negotiated treaty with US to protect halibut along coasts of BC and Alaska
- King wanted Canada to sign treaty without a British representative, being the first treaty negotiated and signed independently by Canadian government
30
King-Byng Crisis
- Governor General Byng refused Prime Minister King’s request to dissolve Parliament and call election
- King claimed undemocratic for governor general to refuse to take the advice of the prime minister
- Since crisis, no governor general has acted against the wishes of prime minister
31
Britain and France on LoffV
- Britain and France had doubt about League.
- They wanted freedom to pursue imperialism, but realized it had propaganda value, so agreed on surface.
- Smaller nations looked forward to era of peace, concerned about harm from great powers
32
Aboriginal Vets after the War
- Aboriginals benefited from social changes (ex: Military Voters Act), but faced prejudice
- Were denied more benefits and settlement packages (of land and money) than others, before losing the right to vote.
33
Union Popularity in Canada
- Demand for higher wages, working conditions and right to join unions emerged from dissatisfaction w/ governments and rich-poor disparity.
- At Western Labour Conference in March 1919, union leaders founded One Big Union (OBU)
- Represented all Canadian workers and helping them gain support through general strikes.
34
American Industry in Canada
- American companies owned large part of Canada oil, half machinery/chemical industries and +half rubber/electrical companies
- Canadians had positive view of American investment and didn’t question consequences.
35
The Growth of Airplanes
- Aviation expanded after WW1, helping make coast of BC and Canada’s north more accessible.
- Veteran pilots became “bush pilots” flying geologists and prospectors into remote areas for mining , like Wilfrid “Wop” May,
36
Canada's Alcohol Exports to US
- Canada exported illegal alcohol to US in large quantities during temperance until end in 1933, dangerous but profitable business.
- Ships from Maritimes and Quebec, speedboats from Ontario, cars and trucks from prairies and salmon trawlers from BC
37
Wamen's Progress
- Progress for women slow but steady. 1921 → first maternity leave legislation passed; only applied to women in BC for 6 weeks.
- Divorce law allowed women to obtain divorce on same grounds as men in 1925.
38
39
40
League of Indians in Canada
- 1919 - Fredrick Loft created League of Indians of Canada
- Fought on issues like aboriginal vets and lack of loans for aboriginals
- Giving away of 34.5 hectares of reserve land to non-indigenous farmers
41
Tolerance and African Canadians
- Instances of tolerance exemplified in 1920's.
- Brotherhood of Railway Employees accepted blacks in 1919
- Edmonton City Council refused to segregate parks and pints in 1924.
42
Western Interests (continued)
- Premier Oliver went to Ottawa to demand railway freight rates be reduced
- Annual shipments of grain from BC increased in 1920s
- 40% of Canada’s grain was exported through BC
