Chapter 2 History Flashcards
1
Q
Militarism in Europe
A
- Beginning of 1900’s → Britain established largest army and navy in world.
- Germany built military to match Britain’s navy, so Britain increased navy and built HMS Dreadnought, largest and fastest battleship.
- Germany built more ships and own dreadnoughts, forcing France, grudges w/ Germany, to arm itself.
2
Q
Pan - Slavism and Resources
A
- Great powers fought over resources in Britain.
- Russia tried to win Balkans by promoting Pan-Slavism (i.e. uniting Slavics of Balkans).
- Russians hoped would allow access to region’s warm water ports when Russia’s ports were frozen.
- Austria-Hungary opposed Pan-Slavism, as several of its nations were Slavic and in Balkans, fearing loss of control of Slavics
3
Q
Alliances and the Ottoman Empire
A
- Ottoman Empire controlled Balkans, southeastern Europe and northern Africa for +500 years, but crumbled in 1900’s as it lost hold of Balkans.
- Early 1900’s → All great powers in Europe in alliances.
- Alliances increased chance of war by making allies of one country fight when facing war.
4
Q
Great Powers and Colonialism
A
- Great Powers embraced nationalism to colonized nations for mother country.
- Colonized nations held nationalism for own culture.
- Some countries in Balkans newly formed, others regained independence.
- Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled Slavic nations that wanted independence.
5
Q
Bosnia and Serbia
A
- Bosnia was highly contested, as Serbia wanted to include it.
- Bosnian Serbs formed Black Hand, willing to fight to unite Slavic individuals to form “Greater Serbia”, which Austria-Hungary strongly opposed.
6
Q
Events before WW1 and Canada
A
- Germany then violated neutrality of Belgium to attack France, to which Britain declared war against Germany.
- Canada went to war as part of the British Empire.
- Numerous Canadians wanted fight for Britain.
- PM Borden offered 25,000 troops, but +30,000 signed up, many faced financial hardship.
7
Q
Groups Excluded in War
A
- Women encouraged to stay out of war, but worked as nurses and ambulance drivers.
- Canadian forces didn’t initially accept Aboriginals and reluctant to take African and Japanese Canadians, all of whom rarely promoted.
8
Q
Canadian Financing for WW1
A
- Canada borrowed money from Britain before US. Canadians didn’t want taxes, some believing war would lead collapse of economy.
- War supply demand exploded, particularly artillery shells.
- Sam Hughes created Shell committee for overseeing manufacture of many artillery shells.
- Ministry of Militia suffered war profiteering, leading troops to receive fewer, poorer artillery shells.
9
Q
War Measures Act
A
- War Measures Act passed by PM Borden in 1914, giving government larger authority like control of manufacturing, agriculture, censorship, detention without charges, deportation and more.
- German, Austro-Hungarian immigrant-owned businesses attacked and immigrants held in internment camps.
10
Q
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
A
- Germany pulls soldiers from west to east to reinforce fight against Russia.
- Allowed Allies to stop German advance through Battle of the Marne (Sept 1914).
- Both sides dug trenches (along Somme river and Belgium in Germany and across English Channel to Swiss Border for Allies)
- Soldiers weren’t moving beyond them by Christmas of 1914 (known as “No Man’s Land”).
11
Q
New Tech of WW1
A
- By 1914, new tech like machine guns, massive artillery, airplanes aided in war
- Many commanders didn’t understand new tech required different tactics
- Many used “war of attrition” tactic on exhausting enemy’s manpower and resources before one’s are exhausted.
12
Q
Air Warfare
A
- New in WW1
- At first, planes used for reconnaissance (and manned alone)
- Airplanes later armed with machine guns and bombs, including dogfights
- Ace - pilot shooting more than 5 planes
- Billy Bishop: British Empire Ace (72 kills)
- First Canadian pilot to be awarded Victorian Cross
13
Q
Naval Warfare
A
- 1910 - Laurier allowed construction of Canadian ships
- Ships would be given to Britain at the outbreak of war
- Canada’s merchant marines supplied Britain during war with wheat and ammunition
- U-Boats German submarines indiscriminately ships in Atlantic, including stopping supplies from being sent to Britain
14
Q
Conscription in Canada
A
- Borden promised no conscription at start of war
- 1917 - introduced Military Service Act, making enlistment mandatory.
- Exemptions on religion, moral grounds, essential jobs, clergymen or disability
- Divides nation, particularly Quebec - lowest rate of volunteers came from Quebec
- Quebecois essential farmers and did not feel allegiance to Britain
15
Q
Response to U - Boats
A
- Allies developed convoy system to counter submarines by travelling together
- Allies developed submarine locating technology
- Indiscriminately sinking ships helped bring America into WW1
