Chapter 3 Grammar

Question 1

Present Progressive Tense:

Answer 1

The present progressive tense is the Spanish way of expressing continuous present action (like English or Greek participles). In English, these typically translate as “verb-ing.” But, as opposed to English, they are ONLY used for the present situation in Spanish (no “I am going to do this on Friday”).

The structure is expressed by replacing the end of a verb stem with either “ando” or “iendo.” There also must be the correct form of estar preceding the verb: esta estudiando (he/she is studying).

ir stem changing verbs reflect the stem change in this verb form.

Question 2

caminar

Answer 2

to walk; 
estoy caminando (I am walking)
estas caminando (you are walking)
esta caminando
estamos caminando
estais caminando
estan caminando. (they are walking)

Question 3

ver

Answer 3

to see/watch; 
estoy viendo (I are seeing/watching)
estas viendo (you are seeing/watching)
esta viendo
estamos viendo
estais viendo
estan viendo. (they are seeing/watching)

Question 4

dormir

Answer 4

to sleep; 
estoy durmiendo
estas durmiendo
esta durmiendo
estamos durmiendo
estais durmiendo
estan durmiendo.

Question 5

The Gerund Orthographic Change:

Answer 5

-ER and -IR verbs whose stems end in a vowel use -yendo instead of -iendo, in order to avoid having three vowels in a row.

atraer -> atrayendo (attracting)
caer -> cayendo (falling)
creer -> creyendo (believing)
construir -> contruyendo

Question 6

Forming a Gerund after a preposition:

Answer 6

After a preposition, use the infinitive form of the verb (not the present progressive) in order to express a gerund statement:

Antes de comer, ella se lava las manos.
Before eating, she washes her hands.

Después de cocinar, la familia disfruta la comida.
After cooking, the family enjoys the meal.

Question 7

What are the direct object pronouns?

Answer 7

me
te
lo/la/le

nos
os
los/las/les

Question 8

What are the indirect object pronouns?

Answer 8

me
te
le (se if used as a double object pronoun)

nos
os
les (se if used as a double object pronoun)

Question 9

What are the reflexive pronouns?

Answer 9

me
te
se

nos
os
se

Question 10

Where do direct object pronouns come in the sentence structure using a conjugated verb?

Answer 10

They must come before a conjugated verb.
___
Me llamas el viernes, no?
Te invito a la fiesta.

Question 11

Where do direct object pronouns come in a sentence structure using an infinitive or present progressive verb?

Answer 11

It may come before or may be attached to the end of the infinitive/participle.
___
Te voy a llamar
Voy a llamarte

Te estoy llamando
Estoy llamandote

Question 12

Where does a direct object pronoun come in a sentence structure containing a command form?

Answer 12

It attaches to the end of the affirmative command, but comes before the negative command form.
___
Hagalo ahora, por favor.
No lo haga ahora, por favor.

Question 13

Where does the direct object pronoun come in a sentence that has reflexive pronouns in it, as well?

Answer 13

The reflexive pronouns come before the DO pronouns. 
\_\_\_
Estoy lavandome la cara con jabon =
Me la estoy lavando con jabon. 
Estoy lavandomela con jabon.

Question 14

What is an indirect object?

Answer 14

An indirect object is a noun or noun phrase that indicate for whom or to whom an action is done: I bought a gift for Beatriz.

We asked the teachers a question.

Question 15

What is an indirect object pronoun?

Answer 15

Indirect object pronouns are used to replace indirect object nouns: I bought a gift for her. We asked them a question.

Often, you can identify the indirect object of the sentence by asking to or for whom? about the verb: We bought a gift for whom? We asked a question to whom?

Question 16

What’s something to always remember about IDO pronouns when they are first used?

Answer 16

When at first using an indirect object pronoun, the sentence will include both the pronoun and the indirect object(s) it is replacing:

Le compré unos jeans y una camisa a Miguel.
I bought jeans and a shirt for Miguel.

Tambien le compré una corbata.
I also bought him a tie.

Question 17

What is a double object pronoun?

Answer 17

When you used both direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns in a sentence.

Preparé la comida para ti.
I prepared for for you.
Te la preparé.
I prepared it for you.

Organicé un almuerzo especial para ellos.
I organized a special breakfast for them.
Se lo organicé.
I organized it for them.

Question 18

Indirect and direct object pronouns stay the same when used together as double object pronouns, except for:

Answer 18

The indirect object third-person singular and third-person plural (le and les). In those two cases, the double object pronoun “se” replaces both le and les when used with the direct objects lo, la, los, and las.

Question 19

List the direct object and indirect object pronouns:

Answer 19

DO:

me
te
lo/la
nos
os
los/las

IDO:
me
te
le (se if used as a double object pronoun)
nos
os
les (se if used as a double object pronoun)

Question 20

What is the order of a double object pronoun sentence?

Answer 20

The indirect object pronoun always comes before the direct object pronoun. This is true whether the pronouns are used before a conjugated verb or attached to the end of infinitives, affirmative commands, and present participles.

Pedí una sopa. Me la sirvieron inmediatamente.
I ordered a soup. I was served (it) immediately.

Le dije al camarero: “Por favor, tráigamela con un poco de pan”.
I told the waiter: “Please bring it to me with a little bread.”

Question 21

In negative command forms, where do the double object pronouns go?

Answer 21

The double object pronouns must come before the verb in negative command forms.

Quiero un postre, pero no me lo traiga inmediatamente.
I want a dessert, but don’t bring it to me immediately.

Question 22

When double object pronouns are used with a conjugated verb followed by an infinitive, where do they go?

Answer 22

They may either go before the conjugated verb or attach to the end of the infinitive.

Me lo van a servir ahora.
They are going to serve it to me now.

Van a servírmelo ahora.
They are going to serve it to me now.

Question 23

Mnemonic Device to remember order of double object pronouns:

Answer 23

To you / the football / I threw.

Te lo tiró.

Question 24

Using the gerund with “seguir”:

Answer 24

The gerund can be used with “seguir” to express a “keep/continuing (doing something” idea:

Los musicos siguen tocando la musica y seguimos eschuchandola.
The musicians keep playing the music, and we keep listening to it.

Question 25

Using the gerund with “ir”:

Answer 25

The gerund can be used with “ir” to express a “gradually/little by little” idea.

La estudiante va aprendiendo la leccion.
The student is gradually learning the lesson.

Question 26

Using the gerund with “llevar”:

Answer 26

The gerund can be used with “llevar” to express a “have been doing” idea.