Chapter 3 Gall, Floures, Broca, Wernicke

Question 1

Commissure

Answer 1

Nerve tissues (white matter) that connect the two halbes of the brain

Question 2

Neuron

Answer 2

Nerve cells that compose the brain and the spinal cord, each with an electrochemically active cell body or nucleus.

Interconnected by dendrites and send signals through axons

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

Outer surface of the brain

Question 4

Phrenology

Answer 4

Franz Joseph Gall

Science of the mind.

Different functions of the mind were localised within specific parts of the brain

Question 5

Physiognomy

Answer 5

The reading of a person’s character in his or her physical features

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

Structure at the base of the brain

Related to amativeness
Major role in movement of an organised behaviour

Question 7

Ablation

Answer 7

Pierre Flourens

The surgical removal of specific small parts of the brain in order to observe any resulting changes in behaviour

Question 8

Cortex flexibility and plasticity of the brain

Answer 8

Intact parts of the brain (after small damage in young animals) take over the functions of damaged parts resulting in functional recovery

Question 9

Aphasia

Answer 9

Speech debility

Question 10

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 10

Motor aphasia

Inability to speak

Question 11

Broca’s area

Answer 11

Part of the language area

Left frontal hemisphere

Question 12

Sensory aphasia

Answer 12

Wernicke’s aphasia

Inability to understand spoken language

Question 13

Paraphasia

Answer 13

Mispronunciation

Question 14

Conduction aphasia

Answer 14

still produce speech & understand it but can’t monitor own speech

Question 15

Equipotentiality

Answer 15

The ability of the brain to carry out the memory of functions from destroyed parts of the brain to an intact one

Question 16

Law of mass action

Answer 16

The efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury; the more extensive the brain injury, the less opportunity to equipotentiality to operate

Question 17

Redundancy hypothesis

Answer 17

Each individual memory gets stored into several locations of the cortex

Question 18

Interpretative cortex

Answer 18

Temporal lobe, above the ear

Produced “physical responses”: interpretive and experiential

Question 19

Interpretive response

Answer 19

Patients see their immediate situations in new lights; dejavu feelings or sensations of absurd fear, euphoria etc

Question 20

Experiential response

Answer 20

Hallucinatory “dreams” or flashbacks

Question 21

Cell assemblies

Answer 21

D. Hebb

Neurological networks

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

Highly related to making new memories

Question 23

Tomography

Answer 23

Observation of brain structure and neural activity

CT, X-rays, MRI, fMRI

Question 24

penfield

Answer 24

epilepsy
electrodes until found part of brain where patients felt like before epilepsy, area removed
found interpretative cortex

Question 25

ferrier

Answer 25

discovered sensory strip
ablations from this area cause sensitivity loss
found are involved in vision - visual cortex & auditory cortex

Question 26

hitzig and frtisch

Answer 26

found motor strip, stimulation produced physical movement

ablations caused paralysis

Question 27

flourens

Answer 27

against phrenology
ablation - surgical removement of small parts of brain, observation of changes in behavior
cerebellum, cortex (big part of free will in cortex)
brain plasticitiy - animals improve disabilities caused by surgeries -> functional recovery, more likely when damage small & animals young

Question 28

gall’s theory

Answer 28

more brain = more capacity
shape of brain influences shape of skull
physiognomy
salient characteristics correspond to functions in brain
(wrong locations, wrong functions)