Chapter 3 Gall, Floures, Broca, Wernicke Flashcards
Commissure
Nerve tissues (white matter) that connect the two halbes of the brain
Neuron
Nerve cells that compose the brain and the spinal cord, each with an electrochemically active cell body or nucleus.
Interconnected by dendrites and send signals through axons
Cortex
Outer surface of the brain
Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall
Science of the mind.
Different functions of the mind were localised within specific parts of the brain
Physiognomy
The reading of a person’s character in his or her physical features
Cerebellum
Structure at the base of the brain
Related to amativeness
Major role in movement of an organised behaviour
Ablation
Pierre Flourens
The surgical removal of specific small parts of the brain in order to observe any resulting changes in behaviour
Cortex flexibility and plasticity of the brain
Intact parts of the brain (after small damage in young animals) take over the functions of damaged parts resulting in functional recovery
Aphasia
Speech debility
Broca’s aphasia
Motor aphasia
Inability to speak
Broca’s area
Part of the language area
Left frontal hemisphere
Sensory aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Inability to understand spoken language
Paraphasia
Mispronunciation
Conduction aphasia
still produce speech & understand it but can’t monitor own speech
Equipotentiality
The ability of the brain to carry out the memory of functions from destroyed parts of the brain to an intact one
Law of mass action
The efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury; the more extensive the brain injury, the less opportunity to equipotentiality to operate
Redundancy hypothesis
Each individual memory gets stored into several locations of the cortex
Interpretative cortex
Temporal lobe, above the ear
Produced “physical responses”: interpretive and experiential
Interpretive response
Patients see their immediate situations in new lights; dejavu feelings or sensations of absurd fear, euphoria etc
Experiential response
Hallucinatory “dreams” or flashbacks
Cell assemblies
D. Hebb
Neurological networks
Hippocampus
Highly related to making new memories
Tomography
Observation of brain structure and neural activity
CT, X-rays, MRI, fMRI
penfield
epilepsy
electrodes until found part of brain where patients felt like before epilepsy, area removed
found interpretative cortex
ferrier
discovered sensory strip
ablations from this area cause sensitivity loss
found are involved in vision - visual cortex & auditory cortex
hitzig and frtisch
found motor strip, stimulation produced physical movement
ablations caused paralysis
flourens
against phrenology
ablation - surgical removement of small parts of brain, observation of changes in behavior
cerebellum, cortex (big part of free will in cortex)
brain plasticitiy - animals improve disabilities caused by surgeries -> functional recovery, more likely when damage small & animals young
gall’s theory
more brain = more capacity shape of brain influences shape of skull physiognomy salient characteristics correspond to functions in brain (wrong locations, wrong functions)
