Chapter 3 Feeds and Non-ruminant Nutrition in Thailand Flashcards
Livestock
Domesticated animals, for profit, for foods.
Oral Cavity
First step of digestive process.
*cows don’t cut grass, due to.the lack of front upper teeth.
Esophagus
Fungsi melumat makanan
Stomach
Enzymes: pepsin, HCl,
Function: breaking down protein
Specific Condition: pH
Small Intestine
For digestion and food absorbing process
Large intestine
Fermentation and reabsorb
Non-Ruminant Animals
- One Stomach
- Poultry and Swine
Ruminant Animals
Many Stomach
Cattle, Sheep, Buffalo, Goat
Feeds
- Organic
- Inorganic
- Moisture
Organic Feeds
Protein
Fat
Lipid
Carbo
Inorganic Feeds
Minerals
Essential Protein
Protein that comes from our foods, can’t be produced by our body e.g. Lysine, Methionine, Threonine
Non Essential Proteins
Protein that only can be produced by our body
Fat
Made up of vegetables oil and animal fats
Carbohydrates
consist of many types:
- sugar
- fiber
- starch
Starch
Amylose to Amylopectin (produced in animal )
Fiber
Cellulose to Hemicellulose (produced in plant)
Main Source of Energy
Protein and amino
Carbohydrates Fat
Gross Energy
total energy intakes
Digestible Energy (DE)
energy processed (digested)
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
running metabolism
Minerals
C H N O structure
e.g. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iodine
phosphorus, sodium chlorine
Phytate Phosphorus
no idea
Vitamins
Fat soluble: ADEK
Water Soluble: BC
Water
55-75% of body
Protein percentage in melamine issue
To calculate by ( Nitrogen contain x 6.25)
Feedstuffs
anything eaten or drunk for nutrition and pleasure
can be made from animals and plants
Roughage
Feed containing much indigestible materials acting as fiber (>18%)
Concentrate
Feed containing material in low fiber (<18%), can be used as source of:
- energy feed
- protein feed
Protein Feedstuffs
Produced from plant e.g soybean, leucena and from animals e.g fishmeal, fur
Soybean Dilemma
Processing soybean as feedstuffs are quite complicated due to its potential to generate anti-nutritional factors e.g trypsin inhibitor, urease, phytic acid when it’s in raw state.
However, it turns to be less digestibility when it’s overcooked.
The best soybean meal will appear in light brownish color and has a nut-like taste
Soybean Dilemma
Processing soybean as feedstuffs are quite complicated due to its potential to generate anti-nutritional factors e.g trypsin inhibitor, urease, phytic acid when it’s in raw state.
However, it turns to be less digestibility when it’s overcooked.
The best soybean meal will appear in light brownish color and has a nut-like taste
Protein-Fish Meal
CP 50%-60% (protein level)
Come from all parts of fish by product or whole fish
Protein-Dried Milk Products for Piglet
Skimmed Milk
Whey
Milk Replacer
Carbo Corn
CP 6-8% and low fiber
Yellow pigment is good for layer
Aflatoxin contamination!
Carbo Broken Rice
CP 8%
Easy to digest
Low fat and fiber
No pigment
Carbo Cassava
CP 2% High starch High fiber 4% ! Hydrocyanic Acid ! Dusty and bulky
Fat and Oil
Increase palatability
decrease heat increment
balancing dietary energy
e.g Palm oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil, poultry fat.
Nutritive food additives
Essential protein: Lysine, Methionine, Threonine
Macro minerals: Ca, Phosphorus, Sodium, Chlorine
Premix (from trace minerals & vitamins): Choline
Basic Feed Formulation
Protein: from plant (10-30%), animal (2-8%)
Energy: from grain (40-60%), oil (2-6%)
Nutritive Feed Additives: 10-15%
Non-nutritious Feed Additives: 1-2%
Wheat
Cereal grain CP ~12% High NSPs High Fiber Lack of pigment
Non Nutritive Feed Additives
Preservative, Feed Processing, Toxicology, Palatability, Improvement of digestion & absorption, bacteria control, product improvement, fertility.
! FOR ADDITIONAL PURPOSE ONLY!
