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Precision Nutrition > Chapter 3-Energy Transformation and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Energy Transformation and Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used.

A

Energy transfer

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1
Q

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work.

A

Laws of thermodynamics

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2
Q

Liver cell

A

Hepatocyte

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3
Q

Muscle cell

A

Myocyte

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4
Q

Fat cell

A

Adipocyte

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5
Q

Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes oxygen rapidly without the use of oxygen.

A

ATP/PCr system

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6
Q

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury.

A

Creatine Kinase

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7
Q

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine and methionine, found in muscle tissue.

A

Creatine

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8
Q

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle.

A

Phosphocreatine (PCR)

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9
Q

Process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow

A

Glycolytic system

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10
Q

Salt of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons

A

NADH

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12
Q

The cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred t the anion of the acid.

A

Hydrogen ion

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13
Q

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites.

A

NAD+

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14
Q

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells.

A

Lactic acid

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15
Q

The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the electron transport system

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

An acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells falls below 7

A

Muscle acidity

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17
Q

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy

A

Krebs cycle

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18
Q

Set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy

A

Electron transport chain

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19
Q

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acids synthesis.

A

Acetyl-CoA

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20
Q

Breakdown of fatty acids that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes

A

Beta oxidation

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21
Q

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle

A

FAD+

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22
Q

The reduced form of FAD+

A

FADH2

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23
Q

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons

A

Cytochrome

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24
Q

PArticle with a positive charge, usually regraded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts int eh electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs.

A

Proton

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25
Q

Synthesis of glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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26
Q

Phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate

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27
Q

Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen.

A

Glycogen synthase

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28
Q

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also know as adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

29
Q

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline

A

Norepinephrine

30
Q

Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

31
Q

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

32
Q

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

33
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon

A

a-cells

34
Q

Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, Norepinephrine and dopamine

A

Adrenal medulla

35
Q

Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvic acid and ultimately ATP

A

Glycolysis

36
Q

The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream

A

Anaerobic threshold

37
Q

Intermediate that couples with acetyl-CoA to form citrate

A

Oxaloacetate

38
Q

A higher capacity to oxidize fat

A

Fat adaptation

39
Q

Liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins ad hormones

A

Plasma

40
Q

Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose.

A

Gluconeogenesis

41
Q

Use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose.

A

Cori cycle

42
Q

fat tissue

A

Adipose tissue

43
Q

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipolysis

44
Q

Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

45
Q

Using lipids as a fuel source

A

Lipid mobilization

46
Q

Anabolic hormone that causes growth and cel reproduction; also known as somatotropin

A

Growth hormone

47
Q

With oxygen present

A

Aerobic

48
Q

Without oxygen present

A

Anaerobic

49
Q

A glycerol with one fatty acid chain

A

Monoglyceride

50
Q

A glycerol with two fatty acid chains

A

Diglyceride

51
Q

System of enzymes involved int eh synthesis of fatty acids

A

Fatty acid synthase system

52
Q

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain

A

Elongation

53
Q

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain

A

Saturated fatty acid

54
Q

Removal of hydrogen atoms to form a double bond

A

Desaturation

55
Q

A single double bond in the fatty acid chain

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

56
Q

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol ad apolipoproteins, converted to LDL.

A

Very low density lipoprotein particles (VLDL)

57
Q

Enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat

A

Lipogenic enzyme

58
Q

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid

A

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

59
Q

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end

A

Omega-3

60
Q

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet

A

Linoleic acid

61
Q

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond six spaces in from the methyl end

A

Omega-6

62
Q

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

63
Q

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestines to tissues of the body

A

Chylomicron

64
Q

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol

A

Lipoprotein

65
Q

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures

A

Cholesterol

66
Q

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via down regulation of HMG-CoA redutase

A

Statin drugs

67
Q

Lipid binding protein that is part of a lipoprotein

A

Apolipoprotein

68
Q

A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues

A

LDL cholesterol

69
Q

A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver

A

HDL cholesterol

70
Q

An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins

A

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

71
Q

Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels

A

Atherosclerosis

Precision Nutrition (4 decks)

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