Chapter 2 Flashcards
The flow of blood throughout the entire body
General circulation
Disposed to being dissolved
Soluble
Fatty acid containing one double or triple bond between carbons
Monounsaturated fat
Compound with three molecules of fatty acids bound with one molecule of glycerol; the storage form of fat in humans
Triglyceride
The long tube through the body composed of stomach and intestines
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Amount of energy required to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius; equal to 4184 Joules
Calorie
Relating to or containing carbon compounds
Organic molecules
Nucleotide produced in living cells; made up of adenosine and two phosphate groups, reversibly renewed to ATP for energy transfer
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
To grind, crush, and chew food
Mastication
A formed mass of soft, partially chewed food
Bolus
Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, ultimately secreted into the small intestine to alkalinize and emulsify foodstuffs.
Bile
Absorptive cell of the intestine
Enterocyte
Small projections covering the surface of the mucous membrane lining the small intestine, through which nutrients and fluids are absorbed.
Villi
Of pancreatic and salivary origin; this enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis (splitting) of starch into smaller compounds
Amylase
Catalyzes the splitting of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Lipase
Throat
Pharynx
Lid-like cartilaginous structure suspended over the entrance of the larynx; swallowing closes the opening to the trachea by placing the larynx against this.
Epiglottis
Also known as the cardiac sphincter, a thick, muscular ring surrounding the opening btw the esophagus and stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter
Condition in which acidic stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux
Waves of involuntary muscle contraction moving the contents of the GI tract forward
Peristalsis
Partly digested food formed as a semi-fluid mass
Chyme
Thick, muscular ring of mucous membrane surrounding the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
Solution of hydrogen chloride in water; found in gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid
Measure of acidity and alkalinity; lower numbers are more acidic, higher numbers are more alkaline; 7 is neutral
pH
Two folds of mucous membrane that form a valve btw the large intestine(cecum) and the small intestine (ileum)
ILeocecal valve
LArge gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
Organic salt (HCO3) that can neutralize acids
Bicarbonate
Enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) protein or peptides
Proteolytic enzyme
Muscular sac where bile is stored
Gallbladder
To disperse, convert and suspend one liquid as droplets into another
Emulsification
Circulation of substances such as bile salts btw the intestine and the liver
Enterohepatic circulation
Waste discharged from the body through the anus
Feces
Fatty acid with fewer than eight carbons that is taken up directly through the portal vein, and produced while fiber is fermenting in the colon
Short chain fatty acid
Cancer-causing substance
Carcinogens
Compound that is not digested but rather fermented by microflora and stimulates growth of healthy bacteria in the GI tract
Prebiotic
Live microorganisms that help to restore beneficial bacteria in the GI tract
Probiotics
Veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.
Hepatic portal system
Secretion, such as saliva or bile, released outside its source by a duct
Exocrine
Secretion, such as a hormone, distributed in the body by the bloodstream
Endocrine
Hormone that balances blood glucose levels, such as glucagon or insulin
Glucoregulatory hormone
Substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
Neurotransmitter
The brain in the gut. A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the gastrointestinal organs
Enteric nervous system
Junction of an efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fiber cell membrane
Neuromuscular junction
Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls secretion and the tone of smooth muscle, along with cardiac muscle activity
Parasympathetic nervous system
Widening of blood vessels
Vasodilation
Microscopic hair structures that increase the surface area of cells; many are found in the GI tract
Microvilli
All of the villi that form a brush-like border inside the intestine
Intestinal brush border
Spontaneous movement of particle from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Simple diffusion
Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes
Active transport
Difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two areas
Concentration gradient
Found on the wall of the duodenum or stomach, this ulcer results when gastric juices and H. pylori combine
Peptic ulcer
Vomiting
Emesis
Inflammation-based disorder of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Adverse reaction induced by food
Food intolerance
Chief source of stored glucose in selected tissues
Glycogen
Liver cell
Hepatocyte
Removal of an amine group from a compound
Deamination
A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids , apolipoproteins and cholesterol
Lipoprotein
When a substance is swallowed and absorbed, it first travels through the hepatic portal system for metabolism by the liver; this “first pass” can reduce the availability of the substance to the bdy
First pass metabolism
When blood travels from the heart to the arteries and capillaries, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and returning via the veins to the heart for pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid
Transamination
Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA
Either acetoacetic acid, acetone or beta-hydroxybutyric acid with a carbonyl group attached to two caron atoms
Ketone body
Natural barrier formed by brain capillaries that prevents substances from leaving the blood and entering brain tissue
Blood-brain barrier
