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Precision Nutrition > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

The flow of blood throughout the entire body

A

General circulation

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1
Q

Disposed to being dissolved

A

Soluble

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2
Q

Fatty acid containing one double or triple bond between carbons

A

Monounsaturated fat

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3
Q

Compound with three molecules of fatty acids bound with one molecule of glycerol; the storage form of fat in humans

A

Triglyceride

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4
Q

The long tube through the body composed of stomach and intestines

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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5
Q

Amount of energy required to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius; equal to 4184 Joules

A

Calorie

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6
Q

Relating to or containing carbon compounds

A

Organic molecules

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7
Q

Nucleotide produced in living cells; made up of adenosine and two phosphate groups, reversibly renewed to ATP for energy transfer

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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8
Q

To grind, crush, and chew food

A

Mastication

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9
Q

A formed mass of soft, partially chewed food

A

Bolus

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10
Q

Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, ultimately secreted into the small intestine to alkalinize and emulsify foodstuffs.

A

Bile

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11
Q

Absorptive cell of the intestine

A

Enterocyte

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12
Q

Small projections covering the surface of the mucous membrane lining the small intestine, through which nutrients and fluids are absorbed.

A

Villi

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13
Q

Of pancreatic and salivary origin; this enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis (splitting) of starch into smaller compounds

A

Amylase

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14
Q

Catalyzes the splitting of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipase

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15
Q

Throat

A

Pharynx

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16
Q

Lid-like cartilaginous structure suspended over the entrance of the larynx; swallowing closes the opening to the trachea by placing the larynx against this.

A

Epiglottis

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17
Q

Also known as the cardiac sphincter, a thick, muscular ring surrounding the opening btw the esophagus and stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

Condition in which acidic stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux

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19
Q

Waves of involuntary muscle contraction moving the contents of the GI tract forward

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q

Partly digested food formed as a semi-fluid mass

A

Chyme

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21
Q

Thick, muscular ring of mucous membrane surrounding the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A

Hiatal hernia

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23
Q

Solution of hydrogen chloride in water; found in gastric juice

A

Hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

Measure of acidity and alkalinity; lower numbers are more acidic, higher numbers are more alkaline; 7 is neutral

A

pH

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25
Q

Two folds of mucous membrane that form a valve btw the large intestine(cecum) and the small intestine (ileum)

A

ILeocecal valve

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26
Q

LArge gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

27
Q

Organic salt (HCO3) that can neutralize acids

A

Bicarbonate

28
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) protein or peptides

A

Proteolytic enzyme

29
Q

Muscular sac where bile is stored

A

Gallbladder

30
Q

To disperse, convert and suspend one liquid as droplets into another

A

Emulsification

31
Q

Circulation of substances such as bile salts btw the intestine and the liver

A

Enterohepatic circulation

32
Q

Waste discharged from the body through the anus

A

Feces

33
Q

Fatty acid with fewer than eight carbons that is taken up directly through the portal vein, and produced while fiber is fermenting in the colon

A

Short chain fatty acid

34
Q

Cancer-causing substance

A

Carcinogens

35
Q

Compound that is not digested but rather fermented by microflora and stimulates growth of healthy bacteria in the GI tract

A

Prebiotic

36
Q

Live microorganisms that help to restore beneficial bacteria in the GI tract

A

Probiotics

37
Q

Veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

38
Q

Secretion, such as saliva or bile, released outside its source by a duct

A

Exocrine

39
Q

Secretion, such as a hormone, distributed in the body by the bloodstream

A

Endocrine

40
Q

Hormone that balances blood glucose levels, such as glucagon or insulin

A

Glucoregulatory hormone

41
Q

Substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

42
Q

The brain in the gut. A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the gastrointestinal organs

A

Enteric nervous system

43
Q

Junction of an efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fiber cell membrane

A

Neuromuscular junction

44
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls secretion and the tone of smooth muscle, along with cardiac muscle activity

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

45
Q

Widening of blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

46
Q

Microscopic hair structures that increase the surface area of cells; many are found in the GI tract

A

Microvilli

47
Q

All of the villi that form a brush-like border inside the intestine

A

Intestinal brush border

48
Q

Spontaneous movement of particle from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Simple diffusion

49
Q

Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible

A

Facilitated diffusion

50
Q

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes

A

Active transport

51
Q

Difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two areas

A

Concentration gradient

52
Q

Found on the wall of the duodenum or stomach, this ulcer results when gastric juices and H. pylori combine

A

Peptic ulcer

53
Q

Vomiting

A

Emesis

54
Q

Inflammation-based disorder of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

55
Q

Adverse reaction induced by food

A

Food intolerance

56
Q

Chief source of stored glucose in selected tissues

A

Glycogen

57
Q

Liver cell

A

Hepatocyte

58
Q

Removal of an amine group from a compound

A

Deamination

59
Q

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids , apolipoproteins and cholesterol

A

Lipoprotein

60
Q

When a substance is swallowed and absorbed, it first travels through the hepatic portal system for metabolism by the liver; this “first pass” can reduce the availability of the substance to the bdy

A

First pass metabolism

61
Q

When blood travels from the heart to the arteries and capillaries, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and returning via the veins to the heart for pulmonary circulation

A

Systemic circulation

62
Q

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid

A

Transamination

63
Q

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA

64
Q

Either acetoacetic acid, acetone or beta-hydroxybutyric acid with a carbonyl group attached to two caron atoms

A

Ketone body

65
Q

Natural barrier formed by brain capillaries that prevents substances from leaving the blood and entering brain tissue

A

Blood-brain barrier

Precision Nutrition (4 decks)

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