Chapter 1 Flashcards
The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.
Homeostasis
Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.
Metabolism
Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells.
Protein
Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus, or fungi.
Pathogen
Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions
Enzyme
what is the structural levels of organization in the body?
Organism organ systems organs tissues cells organelle chemical
Your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures. This system protects the body from external damage.
Integumentary system
Your bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. This system supports the body by providing a rigid structure capable of resistance and movement.
Skeletal system
Your skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. These muscles are part of your arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, resp tract, and more. They produce movement, whether to move you across the room, to move your blood through blood vessels, or to move food through your intestines.
Muscular system
Your brain as well as your nervous tissues. This system is responsible for electrochemical cellular communication and sends signals that trigger thought, movement, voluntary and involuntary activity.
Nervous system
Your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, and more. This system is responsible for chemical cellular communication within the body.
Endocrine system
Your heart, blood, and blood vessels. This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body.
Circulatory system
Your thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs. This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders.
Immune system
Your nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs. This system excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen.
Respiratory system
Your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. This system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink.
Digestive system
Your kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands. This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine.
Urinary system
Your sex organs and glands. This system is responsible for human reproduction.
Reproductive system
Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining.
Epithelial tissue
Supportive tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and fascia, formed from a fibrous matrix.
Connective tissue
Tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated.
Muscle tissue
Tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body.
Nervous tissue
Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task.
Organelle
Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles.
Cytoplasm
Nutrient the body requires in large amounts (ie, protein, fat, and carbs).
Macronutrient
Organic compound the body requires in very small amounts (ie, vitamins and mineral.)
Micronutrients
Energy stored within a physical system
Potential energy
Chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive.
Phytochemical
Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation.
Co-factor
Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell.
Hormones
Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment also plays a key role in the expression of an organisms code.
Genetics
Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity.
DNA
Organelle where genetic material is housed.
Nucleus
A particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism.
Gene
Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes
Genetic polymorphism
Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake.
Nutrigenomics
Daily cycle, eg, of hormone release
Diurnal
Protein hormone released from the pancreas; necessary for the metabolism of nutrients.
Insulin
Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell.
Plasma membrane
Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body.
Lipid
Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.
Cholesterol
A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Strong affinity for water
Hydrophilic
Lack of affinity for water
Hydrophobic
Internal fluid portion of the cell.
Cytosol
Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP
Mitochondria
To combine with oxygen
Oxidize
Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Internal compartments of the mitochondria.
Cristae
Quality of mitochondria per unit volume
Mitochondrial density
Specific attributes of mitochondria.
Mitochondria quality
Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive atom with one or more electrons.
Free radicals
Organized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contain the genes of an organism.
Chromosomes
Construction of mRNA fro a DNA molecule.
Transcription
Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA.
Translation
Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.
Golgi apparatus
A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells.
Ribosomes
Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.
Glycoproteins
Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.
Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus.
Cisternae
Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds.
Vesicles
Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosome
Organism of microscopic size
Microorganism
Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules.
Peroxisome
To remove a poison or toxin from the body.
Detoxify
A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.
Receptor-ligand binding complex
Conversion of one signal to another by a cell.
Signal transduction
Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule.
Second messenger
Any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.
Ligand
Protein that moves a compounds across a membrane.
Transport protein
Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible.
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes.
Active transport
Substance acted upon by an enzyme.
Substrate
Model that explains enzyme specificity.
Lock-and-key model
Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.
Induced fit model
Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system
Co-enzyme
Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalyze
