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Precision Nutrition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.

A

Homeostasis

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1
Q

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells.

A

Protein

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3
Q

Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus, or fungi.

A

Pathogen

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4
Q

Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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5
Q

what is the structural levels of organization in the body?

A 
Organism
organ systems
organs
tissues
cells
organelle
chemical
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6
Q

Your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures. This system protects the body from external damage.

A

Integumentary system

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7
Q

Your bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. This system supports the body by providing a rigid structure capable of resistance and movement.

A

Skeletal system

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8
Q

Your skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. These muscles are part of your arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, resp tract, and more. They produce movement, whether to move you across the room, to move your blood through blood vessels, or to move food through your intestines.

A

Muscular system

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9
Q

Your brain as well as your nervous tissues. This system is responsible for electrochemical cellular communication and sends signals that trigger thought, movement, voluntary and involuntary activity.

A

Nervous system

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10
Q

Your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, and more. This system is responsible for chemical cellular communication within the body.

A

Endocrine system

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11
Q

Your heart, blood, and blood vessels. This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body.

A

Circulatory system

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12
Q

Your thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs. This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders.

A

Immune system

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13
Q

Your nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs. This system excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen.

A

Respiratory system

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14
Q

Your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. This system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink.

A

Digestive system

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15
Q

Your kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands. This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine.

A

Urinary system

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16
Q

Your sex organs and glands. This system is responsible for human reproduction.

A

Reproductive system

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17
Q

Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining.

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Supportive tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and fascia, formed from a fibrous matrix.

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

Tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated.

A

Muscle tissue

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20
Q

Tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body.

A

Nervous tissue

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21
Q

Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task.

A

Organelle

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22
Q

Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Nutrient the body requires in large amounts (ie, protein, fat, and carbs).

A

Macronutrient

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24
Q

Organic compound the body requires in very small amounts (ie, vitamins and mineral.)

A

Micronutrients

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25
Q

Energy stored within a physical system

A

Potential energy

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26
Q

Chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive.

A

Phytochemical

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27
Q

Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation.

A

Co-factor

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28
Q

Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell.

A

Hormones

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29
Q

Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment also plays a key role in the expression of an organisms code.

A

Genetics

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30
Q

Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity.

A

DNA

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31
Q

Organelle where genetic material is housed.

A

Nucleus

32
Q

A particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism.

A

Gene

33
Q

Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes

A

Genetic polymorphism

34
Q

Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake.

A

Nutrigenomics

35
Q

Daily cycle, eg, of hormone release

A

Diurnal

36
Q

Protein hormone released from the pancreas; necessary for the metabolism of nutrients.

A

Insulin

37
Q

Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

38
Q

Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body.

A

Lipid

39
Q

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

41
Q

Strong affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

42
Q

Lack of affinity for water

A

Hydrophobic

43
Q

Internal fluid portion of the cell.

A

Cytosol

44
Q

Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP

A

Mitochondria

45
Q

To combine with oxygen

A

Oxidize

46
Q

Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

47
Q

Internal compartments of the mitochondria.

A

Cristae

48
Q

Quality of mitochondria per unit volume

A

Mitochondrial density

49
Q

Specific attributes of mitochondria.

A

Mitochondria quality

50
Q

Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

51
Q

Reactive atom with one or more electrons.

A

Free radicals

52
Q

Organized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contain the genes of an organism.

A

Chromosomes

53
Q

Construction of mRNA fro a DNA molecule.

A

Transcription

54
Q

Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA.

A

Translation

55
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.

A

Golgi apparatus

57
Q

A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells.

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.

A

Glycoproteins

59
Q

Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.

A

Ribonucleic acids (RNA)

60
Q

Flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus.

A

Cisternae

61
Q

Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds.

A

Vesicles

62
Q

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosome

63
Q

Organism of microscopic size

A

Microorganism

64
Q

Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules.

A

Peroxisome

65
Q

To remove a poison or toxin from the body.

A

Detoxify

66
Q

A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.

A

Receptor-ligand binding complex

67
Q

Conversion of one signal to another by a cell.

A

Signal transduction

68
Q

Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule.

A

Second messenger

69
Q

Any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.

A

Ligand

70
Q

Protein that moves a compounds across a membrane.

A

Transport protein

71
Q

Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible.

A

Facilitated diffusion

72
Q

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes.

A

Active transport

73
Q

Substance acted upon by an enzyme.

A

Substrate

74
Q

Model that explains enzyme specificity.

A

Lock-and-key model

75
Q

Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.

A

Induced fit model

76
Q

Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system

A

Co-enzyme

77
Q

Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

A

Catalyze

Precision Nutrition (4 decks)

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