Chapter 3: Day 6: Rock Processing

Question 1

Lithification

Answer 1

Processes by which sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks

Question 2

Compaction

Answer 2

Increased pressure from overlying sediment

Question 3

Cementation

Answer 3

Binding together of sediments. By Calcite, Silica, and Iron Oxide

Question 4

Fossils

Answer 4

Traces or remains of prehistoric life. Are the most important inclusions. Help determine past environments. Used as time indicators. Used for matching rocks from different places

Question 5

New Rock From Old

Answer 5

. Form from preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks
. Take place due to temperatures and pressures unlike those in which it formed
. Leads to changes in mineralogy, texture, and chemical composition
. Often progresses incrementally

Question 6

What are 3 Degrees of Metamorphism?

Answer 6

. Exhibited by rock texture and mineralogy
. Low-grade, slight changes (e.g., shale becomes slate)
. High-grade, obliteration of original features (e.g., shale becomes gneiss)

Question 7

What are 4 Metamorphic Agents?

Answer 7

. Heat
. Pressure (stress)
. Confining pressure—from burial
. Differential stress—occurs during mountain building

Question 8

Chemically active fluids

Answer 8

. Mainly water and other volatiles

. Promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration

Question 9

Foliation Texture

Answer 9

. Flat arrangement of mineral grains or structures
. Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force/force of being squeezed in together
. Is formed where metamorphic rocks has differential stress that squeezes the rock together.

Question 10

What are 4 Common Solutions of Foliation

Answer 10

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

Question 11

Nonfoliated texture

Answer 11

. Contain equidimensional crystals

. Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock

Question 12

What are 2 Common Solutions of Nonfoliated texture

Answer 12

quartzite, marble

Question 13

Metallic Mineral Resources

Answer 13

Produced by Igneous and Metamorphic processes. Most important ore deposits are generated from hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions

Question 14

Examples of Metallic Mineral Resources

Answer 14

Gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, etc.

Question 15

Pegmatites

Answer 15

. Form fluid-rich environment, have unusually large crystals
. Vein deposits in fractures or bedding planes
. Disseminated deposits that are distributed throughout the rock

Question 16

Non-Metallic Mineral Resources

Answer 16

. Make use of the material’s Nonmetallic elements

. Physical and/or chemical properties

Question 17

Two broad groups of Non-Metallic Mineral Resources

Answer 17

. Building materials (e.g., limestone, gypsum)

. Industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite, corundum, sylvite)

Question 18

Energy Resources

Answer 18

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, and Oil trap

Question 19

Coal

Answer 19

. It is used to set it on fire, produce energy, and give electricity and heat to buildings and homes.
. It is a very important fossil fuel that is used for since the Industrial Revolution. It uses energy when plants get from the sun before it turns into coal. This is why coal produces energy when it burned for fossil fuel.
. It’s form from plant matter where it changes in swampy environment where oxygen in water is very low due to muddy substance. It makes plant matter difficulty to break down. The plant matter builds and compress into hard material.
Types:
. Peat (Partially altered plant material)
. Lignite (If is compressed, it turns soft and brown)
. Bituminous (If is more compressed, it turns soft and black where it leaves black soot when rubbing on fingers)
. Anthracite (If is metamorphosed in the mountain building, it turns hard, black, and brassy luster where it don’t leave soot. It burns at hottest temperature.

Question 20

Oil and Natural Gas

Answer 20

More than 60 percent of U.S.-consumed energy. Remains of marine plants and animals

Question 21

Source rock

Answer 21

Where oil and natural gas originate

Question 22

Oil trap

Answer 22

A place where oil can be lodged in the rock and not escape.

Question 23

Two Basic Features of Oil Trap

Answer 23

. Reservoir rock: Rock that has a lot of empty pore space.

. Cap rock: s impermeable so the oil can’t flow through it and keeps them from surface escape.

Question 24

What are 4 Common traps

Answer 24

. Anticlines: Classic petroleum trap. The strata are bowed upwards like a dome shape. Water is more dense of oil and gas, so the oil rises on top of the water. Nothing rises up to the cap rocks.
. Salt Domes: It has the salt dome when salt is under high pressure it will flow like a liquid, kind of like the blobs. It will pierce up through overlying sedimentary layers. It could create several oil traps.
. Faults: It creates traps if a cap rock is faulted up against another cap rock, and there’s a reservoir rock beneath.
. Stratiagraphic: It would occur if of change in sea level where a porous sedimentary unit ends up getting deposited on top of an impermeable unit and then the situation reverses and the impermeable unit is deposited back on top again.

Question 25

Hydraulic Fracturing (“Fracking”)

Answer 25

. Shale deposits contain reservoirs of oil and gas

. Rocks are cracked below ground to facilitate extraction

Question 26

Strata or beds

Answer 26

. Accumulated layers of sediment over time.
. This is located in sedimentary areas
. Record past environments
. Undeformed Confined Differential Stress: Where the pressure is equal in all direction where it end up forming flat surface. Rocks layers or texture would appear no oval shaped or parallel lines.
. Deformed Differential Stress: Where the pressure is greater in one direction than it is in other direction where it end up forming ridegty, mountains. Rock layers or texture would appear oval shaped or parallel lines.